PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF SOME NEW FLAX GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences,
Page 69-88
Abstract
Thirteen flax genotypes were evaluated for yield and physiological characters under two different environments; Giza Experiment Station (30° 02' N latitude and 31° 13' E longitude) and Ismailia Experiment Station, (30° 35' N Latitude and 32° 14'E Longitude), Field crops Res. Institute, Agricultural Research center, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The morphological and physiological responses for thirteen genotypes were differed between the two locations as they represented genotypes by environmental effects. Giza location (clay soil and normal conditions) was favorable than Ismailia location (sandy soil and stressful conditions) in all agronomic traits. An increase in antioxidant enzymes, proline and total phenolic content in response to sandy soil water characters was observed. The new promising strain (S. 620/3/5) achieved highest estimates in total plant height, technical stem length, straw yield/plant as well as per ha, fiber yield per ha, fiber length, total fiber percentage, catalase, peroxidase, proline and total phenolic content in Giza and Ismailia location. While, S.945/9/9/5 achieved the maximum values in seed yield/plant and seed yield/ha and occupied the first position and surpassed all the other genotypes in oil percentage and oil yield/ha under both locations. PCA-Biplot analysis were presented in horizontal axis using 20 phenotypic traits; A cluster heat map showed that Strain 651 and 620/3/5 had highest mean performance for fiber traits and almost of physiological traits as clustered in the column dendrogram. Under conditions of the present work, sowing S.620/3/5 for the best straw and fiber yield/ha and S. 945/9/9/5 for the best seed yield/ha) can be recommended to decrease the gap between the production and local requirements.
Keywords:
- Flax
- genotypes
- physiological traits
- PCA
- straw
- seed
How to Cite
DOAA, M. I., HASHEM, O. S. M., MARIEY, S. A., & MAYSA, A. A.-S. S. (2022). PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF SOME NEW FLAX GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 5(1), 69-88. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/AJAAS/article/view/7995
References
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Zhang ZS, Li D, Wang LJ, Ozkan N, Chen XD, Mao ZH, Yang HZ. Optimisation of ethanol–water extraction of lignans from flax seed. J Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 57:17–24.
El-Hosary AA, Sedhom AS, Allam SAH, Abo-Kaied HMH, El-Hosary AAA, Ebied MA. Phenotypic and genotypic stability analysis for some flax genotypes. J. Plant Breed. 2016;20 (4):560 -576.
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Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2017;3-319-30216-4_1
Noaman MN, El Quosy D. Hydrology of the Nile and ancient agriculture. In: Satoh M, Aboulroos S (eds) Irrigated agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2017;3-319-30216-4_2.
Al-Omran AM, Falatah AM, Sheta AS, Al-Harbi AR. Clay deposits for water management of sandy soils. Arid Land Res. Manage. 2004;18,171-184.
Chen H, Jiang JG. Osmotic adjustment and plant adaptation to environmental changes related to drought and salinity,” Environmental Reviews. 2010;18: 309– 319.
Guo R, Hao WM, Gong D. Effects of water stress on germination and growth of linseed seedlings (Linum usitatissimum L), photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of metabolites. J. Agric. Sci. 2012;4:253.
Zhu JK. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2002;53:247–273.
Wahid A, Close TJ. Expression of dehydrins under heat stress and their relationship with water relations of sugarcane leaves. Biol. Plant., 2007;51:104–109.
Liang X, Zhang L, Natarajan SK, Becker DF. Proline mechanisms of stress survival,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2013;19 (9): 998–1011.
Uzilday B, Turkan I, Sekmen AH, Ozgur RE, Karakaya HC. Comparison of ROS formation and antioxidant enzymes in Cleome gynandra (C4) and Cleome spinosa (C3) under drought stress. Plant Sci. 2012;182:59-70.
Abedi T, Pakniyat H. Antioxidant enzymes changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oil seed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 2010;46:27–34.
Caverzan A, Casassola A, Brammer SP. Antioxidant responses of wheat plants under stress. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2016;39.
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Metsalu TV, ClustVis J. A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:566.
Mariey AS, Mohamed NE, Ghareeb EZ, Abo Zaher SE. Genetic Diversity of Egyptian Barley using Agro–physiological Traits, grain quality and molecular markers. Current Science International, 2021;10:58-71.
Piper. Soil and plant analysis. International public Inc., New York; 1950.
Schonfeld MA, Johnson RC, Arver FC, Mornhinweg DW. Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science. 1988;28:526-531.
Moran R. Formulae for Determination of Chlorophyllous Pigments Extracted with N,N-Dimethylformamide1 Plant Physiol. 1982;69:1376-1381.
Bates LS, Waldern RP, Teave ID. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studied. Plant and Soil. 1973;39:205-207.
Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2002;37:153-161.
Kato M, Shimizu S. Chlorophyll metabolism in higher plants VII. Chlorophyll degradation in senescing tobacco leaves: phenolic depended peroxidative degradation. Can. J. Bot., 1978;65(4):729-735.
AOAC. Association of Official Methods of Analysis Chemists. Official Methods of analysis.14thed. Washington D.C. USA;1990.
Yan W, Rajcan I. Biplot analysis of test sites and trait relations of soybean in Ontario. Crop Sci., 2002;42:11-20.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical Method. 8th Edition, Iowa State Univ., Press. Ames., Iowa, USA;1980.
Bartlett MS. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of Royal statistical society, Series A. 1937;160:265-282.
Fu J, Huang B. Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2001;45,105-114.
Anjum F, Yaseen M, Rasul E, Wahid A, Anjum S. Water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Effect on chemical composition and chlorophyll contents. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 2003;40:45–49.
Reza K, Vahideh N, Majid S, Christophe H. Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Impacts of Different Levels of Long-Term Water Deficit Stress on Linum album Ky. Ex Boiss. Accessions. Agronomy 2020;10:1-23.
Arjenaki FC, Jabbari R, Morshedi A. Evaluation of drought stress on relative water content, chlorophyll content. Crop Sci., 2012;4:726–729.
Kaur G, Asthir BJBP. Proline: A key player in plant a biotic stress tolerance. Biol. Plant. 2015;59:609–619.
Nawel N, Issam S, Rym K, Mokhtar L. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling growth and acid phosphatase activity in lettuce. American J. of Plant Sci. 2015;6:57-63.
Vaidyanathan H, Sivakumar P, Chakrabarsty R, Thomas G. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in NaCl-stressed Rice (Oryza sativa L.) differential response in salt-tolerant and sensitive varieties. Plant Science. 2003;165:1411-1418.
Ehsanpour AA, Amini F. Effect of salt and drought on acid phosphatase activities in Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Explants under in vitro culture. African J. of Biotechnology. 2003;2:133-135.
Ober ES, Setter TL, Madison JT, Thompson JF, Shapiro PS. Influence of water deficit on maize endosperm development: enzyme activities and RNA transcripts of starch and zein synthesis, abscisic acid, and cell division. Plant Physiol. 1991;97:154-164.
Al-Huqail A, El-Dakak RM, Sanad MN, Badr RH, Ibrahim MM, Soliman D, Khan F. Effects of Climate Temperature and Water Stress on Plant Growth and Accumulation of Antioxidant Compounds in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leafy Vegetable. Scientifica, Article ID 3808909, https: //doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2020/ 3808909.2020.
Morgan PW. Effects of a biotic stresses on plant hormone systems. In stress Responses in plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms; Alscher, R. G. Cumming, J.R., Eds.; Wiley-Liss, Inc.:New York, NY, USA.1991;113-146.
Askari E, Ehsanzadeh P. Osmoregulation-mediated deferential responses of field-grown fennel genotypes to drought. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015;76:494–508.
El-Shimy GH, Ashry Naglaa A. Analysis of yield components and genetic parameters in some flax crosses. J. Agric. Res. Mansoura Univ. 2003;28(4): 2505-2514.
El-Kady EA, Kineber MEA. A comparative study on some flax genotypes. J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ., 2004;30(3): 587-600.
El-Emary FA, El-Nady MF, Abdel-Fatah AA. Botanical studies on some dual purpose flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes grown under Egyptian delta conditions.) Proc. The First Field Crops Conference, (Giza) Egypt. 2006;22-24 August:490-501.
Zahana AEA, Abo-Kaied HMH. Response of some flax genotypes to different mineral nitrogen levels and bio-fertilizer. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 2007;32(3):1639-1648.
Elayan SED, Abdallah AM, Zedan SZA, Mahmoud DI. Effect of seedbed preparation methods and sowing dates on seed and fiber yields of two flax varieties. J. Appl. Sci. 2009;24(7): 141-163.
El-Sweify Amna AHH, Abd El-Dayem MA, Hussein MMM. Response of some flax genotypes to pulling date under newly reclaimed sandy soil and sprinkler irrigation condition. Egypt J.Agric. Agric. Res. 2006;84(4): 1103-1115.
Mostafa SH, Selim AH, Abd El-Aziz MN. Morphological, biochemical and agronomical identification of some flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes. Proc the First Field Crops Conference, (Giza) Egypt. 22-24 August: 2006;223-231.
Atta YIM, Hussein MMM, Nassar AA. Some factors affecting linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 2007;34(4): 617-642.
Kariuki LW, Masinde P, Githiri S, Onyango A. Effect of water stress on growth of three linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties. J. Springer Plus. 2016;5:759 – 775.
Ahmed AA, Abo El-komsan SM, Mostafa S. Morphological and biochemical identification of some flax genotypes. J. Plant Breed. 2018;22 (3):597- 612.
Darapuneni MK, Morgan GD, Ibrahim AMH, Duncan RW. Evaluation of flax genotypes for cold tolerance and yield in South-East Texas. J. Agro. Crop Sci. 2015; 931-2250: 128-137.
Mahfouze HA, Mahfouze SA, El-Enany MAM, Ottai ME. Assessment of flax varieties for drought tolerance. Annual Research and Review in Biology. 2017;21(2): 1-12.
Stafecka I, Stramkale V, Kroiča I, Starmkalis A. The evaluation of yield and agronomic traits of flax genotypes under Latvian Conditions. Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2019;(1):277-282.
Abo-Kaied HMH, El-Refaie AMM, El-Kady EAA. Performance of some promising flax lines for yield and its components under normal and sandy soil conditions. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ. 2011;2(1):1 – 16.
Elayan SED, Abdallah AM, Naguib NA, Mahmoud DI. Effect of sowing date on yield, fiber and seed quality of eight Flax Genotypes. Am-Euras. J. Agric. and Environ. Sci. 2015;15 (5): 886-895.
Rashwan E, Mousa A, EL-Sabagh A, Barutçular C. Yield and quality traits of some flax cultivars as influenced by different irrigation intervals. Agric. Sci. 2016;8(10):226-240.
Jouban A, Sadeghi GH, Noryan M. Relationship between agronomic and morphological traits in barley varieties under drought stress condition. Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. 2015;9:1507-1511.
Verma S, Shikha Y, Sajid R, Sanjaya G, Yogender K, Shiaoman C, Ashoutosh S, Ramesh P, Singh V. Genetic and Agro-morphological diversity in global barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) collection at ICARDA. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2021;86:1315-1330.
Diederichsen A, Hammer K. Variation of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L. subsp. usitatissimum)and its wild progenitor pale flax (subsp. angustifolium (Huds.) Thell.). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.1995;42,263–272.
Wu M, Li D, Wang LJ, Zhou YG, Brooks MS, Chen XD, Mao ZH. Extrusion detoxification technique on flaxseed by uniform design optimization. Sep Purif Technol. 2008;61:51–59.
Green AG, Marshall DR. Isolation of induced mutants in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) having reduced linolenic acid content. Euphytica. 1984; 33(2):321–328.
Zhang ZS, Li D, Wang LJ, Ozkan N, Chen XD, Mao ZH, Yang HZ. Optimisation of ethanol–water extraction of lignans from flax seed. J Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 57:17–24.
El-Hosary AA, Sedhom AS, Allam SAH, Abo-Kaied HMH, El-Hosary AAA, Ebied MA. Phenotypic and genotypic stability analysis for some flax genotypes. J. Plant Breed. 2016;20 (4):560 -576.
Noaman MN. Country profile. In: Satoh M, Aboulroos S (eds) Irrigated agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2017;3-319-30216-4_1
Noaman MN, El Quosy D. Hydrology of the Nile and ancient agriculture. In: Satoh M, Aboulroos S (eds) Irrigated agriculture in Egypt. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2017;3-319-30216-4_2.
Al-Omran AM, Falatah AM, Sheta AS, Al-Harbi AR. Clay deposits for water management of sandy soils. Arid Land Res. Manage. 2004;18,171-184.
Chen H, Jiang JG. Osmotic adjustment and plant adaptation to environmental changes related to drought and salinity,” Environmental Reviews. 2010;18: 309– 319.
Guo R, Hao WM, Gong D. Effects of water stress on germination and growth of linseed seedlings (Linum usitatissimum L), photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of metabolites. J. Agric. Sci. 2012;4:253.
Zhu JK. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2002;53:247–273.
Wahid A, Close TJ. Expression of dehydrins under heat stress and their relationship with water relations of sugarcane leaves. Biol. Plant., 2007;51:104–109.
Liang X, Zhang L, Natarajan SK, Becker DF. Proline mechanisms of stress survival,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2013;19 (9): 998–1011.
Uzilday B, Turkan I, Sekmen AH, Ozgur RE, Karakaya HC. Comparison of ROS formation and antioxidant enzymes in Cleome gynandra (C4) and Cleome spinosa (C3) under drought stress. Plant Sci. 2012;182:59-70.
Abedi T, Pakniyat H. Antioxidant enzymes changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oil seed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 2010;46:27–34.
Caverzan A, Casassola A, Brammer SP. Antioxidant responses of wheat plants under stress. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2016;39.
Miller GAD, Suzuki N, Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Mittler RON. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signalling during drought and salinity stresses. Plant Cell Environ. 2010;33:453–467.
Metsalu TV, ClustVis J. A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:566.
Mariey AS, Mohamed NE, Ghareeb EZ, Abo Zaher SE. Genetic Diversity of Egyptian Barley using Agro–physiological Traits, grain quality and molecular markers. Current Science International, 2021;10:58-71.
Piper. Soil and plant analysis. International public Inc., New York; 1950.
Schonfeld MA, Johnson RC, Arver FC, Mornhinweg DW. Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science. 1988;28:526-531.
Moran R. Formulae for Determination of Chlorophyllous Pigments Extracted with N,N-Dimethylformamide1 Plant Physiol. 1982;69:1376-1381.
Bates LS, Waldern RP, Teave ID. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studied. Plant and Soil. 1973;39:205-207.
Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2002;37:153-161.
Kato M, Shimizu S. Chlorophyll metabolism in higher plants VII. Chlorophyll degradation in senescing tobacco leaves: phenolic depended peroxidative degradation. Can. J. Bot., 1978;65(4):729-735.
AOAC. Association of Official Methods of Analysis Chemists. Official Methods of analysis.14thed. Washington D.C. USA;1990.
Yan W, Rajcan I. Biplot analysis of test sites and trait relations of soybean in Ontario. Crop Sci., 2002;42:11-20.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical Method. 8th Edition, Iowa State Univ., Press. Ames., Iowa, USA;1980.
Bartlett MS. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of Royal statistical society, Series A. 1937;160:265-282.
Fu J, Huang B. Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2001;45,105-114.
Anjum F, Yaseen M, Rasul E, Wahid A, Anjum S. Water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). II. Effect on chemical composition and chlorophyll contents. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 2003;40:45–49.
Reza K, Vahideh N, Majid S, Christophe H. Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Impacts of Different Levels of Long-Term Water Deficit Stress on Linum album Ky. Ex Boiss. Accessions. Agronomy 2020;10:1-23.
Arjenaki FC, Jabbari R, Morshedi A. Evaluation of drought stress on relative water content, chlorophyll content. Crop Sci., 2012;4:726–729.
Kaur G, Asthir BJBP. Proline: A key player in plant a biotic stress tolerance. Biol. Plant. 2015;59:609–619.
Nawel N, Issam S, Rym K, Mokhtar L. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling growth and acid phosphatase activity in lettuce. American J. of Plant Sci. 2015;6:57-63.
Vaidyanathan H, Sivakumar P, Chakrabarsty R, Thomas G. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species in NaCl-stressed Rice (Oryza sativa L.) differential response in salt-tolerant and sensitive varieties. Plant Science. 2003;165:1411-1418.
Ehsanpour AA, Amini F. Effect of salt and drought on acid phosphatase activities in Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Explants under in vitro culture. African J. of Biotechnology. 2003;2:133-135.
Ober ES, Setter TL, Madison JT, Thompson JF, Shapiro PS. Influence of water deficit on maize endosperm development: enzyme activities and RNA transcripts of starch and zein synthesis, abscisic acid, and cell division. Plant Physiol. 1991;97:154-164.
Al-Huqail A, El-Dakak RM, Sanad MN, Badr RH, Ibrahim MM, Soliman D, Khan F. Effects of Climate Temperature and Water Stress on Plant Growth and Accumulation of Antioxidant Compounds in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leafy Vegetable. Scientifica, Article ID 3808909, https: //doi. org/ 10. 1155/ 2020/ 3808909.2020.
Morgan PW. Effects of a biotic stresses on plant hormone systems. In stress Responses in plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms; Alscher, R. G. Cumming, J.R., Eds.; Wiley-Liss, Inc.:New York, NY, USA.1991;113-146.
Askari E, Ehsanzadeh P. Osmoregulation-mediated deferential responses of field-grown fennel genotypes to drought. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015;76:494–508.
El-Shimy GH, Ashry Naglaa A. Analysis of yield components and genetic parameters in some flax crosses. J. Agric. Res. Mansoura Univ. 2003;28(4): 2505-2514.
El-Kady EA, Kineber MEA. A comparative study on some flax genotypes. J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ., 2004;30(3): 587-600.
El-Emary FA, El-Nady MF, Abdel-Fatah AA. Botanical studies on some dual purpose flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes grown under Egyptian delta conditions.) Proc. The First Field Crops Conference, (Giza) Egypt. 2006;22-24 August:490-501.
Zahana AEA, Abo-Kaied HMH. Response of some flax genotypes to different mineral nitrogen levels and bio-fertilizer. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 2007;32(3):1639-1648.
Elayan SED, Abdallah AM, Zedan SZA, Mahmoud DI. Effect of seedbed preparation methods and sowing dates on seed and fiber yields of two flax varieties. J. Appl. Sci. 2009;24(7): 141-163.
El-Sweify Amna AHH, Abd El-Dayem MA, Hussein MMM. Response of some flax genotypes to pulling date under newly reclaimed sandy soil and sprinkler irrigation condition. Egypt J.Agric. Agric. Res. 2006;84(4): 1103-1115.
Mostafa SH, Selim AH, Abd El-Aziz MN. Morphological, biochemical and agronomical identification of some flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes. Proc the First Field Crops Conference, (Giza) Egypt. 22-24 August: 2006;223-231.
Atta YIM, Hussein MMM, Nassar AA. Some factors affecting linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 2007;34(4): 617-642.
Kariuki LW, Masinde P, Githiri S, Onyango A. Effect of water stress on growth of three linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties. J. Springer Plus. 2016;5:759 – 775.
Ahmed AA, Abo El-komsan SM, Mostafa S. Morphological and biochemical identification of some flax genotypes. J. Plant Breed. 2018;22 (3):597- 612.
Darapuneni MK, Morgan GD, Ibrahim AMH, Duncan RW. Evaluation of flax genotypes for cold tolerance and yield in South-East Texas. J. Agro. Crop Sci. 2015; 931-2250: 128-137.
Mahfouze HA, Mahfouze SA, El-Enany MAM, Ottai ME. Assessment of flax varieties for drought tolerance. Annual Research and Review in Biology. 2017;21(2): 1-12.
Stafecka I, Stramkale V, Kroiča I, Starmkalis A. The evaluation of yield and agronomic traits of flax genotypes under Latvian Conditions. Proceedings of the 12th International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2019;(1):277-282.
Abo-Kaied HMH, El-Refaie AMM, El-Kady EAA. Performance of some promising flax lines for yield and its components under normal and sandy soil conditions. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ. 2011;2(1):1 – 16.
Elayan SED, Abdallah AM, Naguib NA, Mahmoud DI. Effect of sowing date on yield, fiber and seed quality of eight Flax Genotypes. Am-Euras. J. Agric. and Environ. Sci. 2015;15 (5): 886-895.
Rashwan E, Mousa A, EL-Sabagh A, Barutçular C. Yield and quality traits of some flax cultivars as influenced by different irrigation intervals. Agric. Sci. 2016;8(10):226-240.
Jouban A, Sadeghi GH, Noryan M. Relationship between agronomic and morphological traits in barley varieties under drought stress condition. Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. 2015;9:1507-1511.
Verma S, Shikha Y, Sajid R, Sanjaya G, Yogender K, Shiaoman C, Ashoutosh S, Ramesh P, Singh V. Genetic and Agro-morphological diversity in global barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) collection at ICARDA. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2021;86:1315-1330.
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