This study was conducted in Wukari Local Government Area to examine spatial variability of Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and pH using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique and ordinary Kriging interpolation method. A coordinated data collection scheme was designed using global positioning system (GPS) in such a way that the entire area was divided into grids of 155 blocks out of which a total of 108 augured samples were collected at the depth of 0-20cm. All samples collected were analyzed following standard analytical procedures. ArcGIS Desktop 10.5 Geostatistical wizard was used in the creation of the models. The data were processed with Normal QQ plot and Global trend analysis to provide an acceptable data for ordinary kriging modeling, semivariogram analysis fitted into Gaussian model was used to test the spatial dependence of the Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and pH. Spatial distribution maps and soil fertility maps showing areas of low, medium, and high concentration were developed. The QQ plot showed normal distribution for SOC and TN while pH was transformed using log transformation, global trend was observed in all the parameters and trend remover was applied. The fitted semivariogram showed strong spatial dependence for SOC (0) and moderate for TN (0.51175) and pH (0.463919). The interpolated maps show low to medium content of SOC and TN while, the pH was moderately acidic to slightly acidic.
A survey was carried out on the socio-economic status of Gerbera growers, production technology and the opinions of the farmers about field diseases to have a clear view about Gerbera production in Jashore, Bangladesh. Most of the farmers were male and their age was between 30 to 40 years. Very few of them were highly educated and most of them are engaged in Gerbera cultivation from more than 5 years. In a 5 (five) year basis, total cost of production is Tk. 15,62,700. Total revenue generated is Tk. 64, 80,000 whereas, net profit is Tk.49,17,300. According to most (24%) of the farmers’ perception, gerbera diseases are originated from soil. Most of the farmers (98%) apply pesticide to get rid of diseases those affect gerbera cultivation. Mostly the Sub Assistant Agriculture Officers (SAAOs) help the farmers providing information and prescription. However, most of the respondents suggested that if they can effectively apply pesticides, they can get rid of diseases. This study will help policy makers to take proper steps to boost gerbera production and strengthen the floriculture industry in Bangladesh.
The Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) known to co-migrate with its phytopathogens has been found adventive in the Winam gulf, Lake Victoria creating numerous negative attributes. The study initiated to determine the phytopatogenic flora associated with the E. crassipes collected from the Winam gulf revealed the presence of filamentous fungi belonging to six genera, together with an unidentified number of bacteria jointly causing a chlorotic halo on the leaf /stem. The fungal species identified were; Myrothecium roridium, Acremonium zonatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp. and Alternaria sp., which could be targeted in the development of mycoherbicides against this aquatic weed in fuuture.
In Egypt, the irrigation water deficit is one crops production troubles, and thereby saving irrigation water is the main target for our country. So, a field trial was executed aiming to assess the impact of irrigation water requirements such as 100, 80 and 60% of irrigation requirements (IR), compost as soil addition [with compost or without] and foliar application of pesticides [control (without), chemical pesticide and bio pesticide] on the performance of faba bean during two different stages. Through irrigation rates, may be controlled insects movement and their presence. However cannot prevent the insect from damaging the crops, in this experiment, reading the behavior of Insects was done then monitoring according to their behavior. The results indicated that faba bean plants irrigated with 60 % of IR had a low growth performance as well as yield traits compared to faba bean plants irrigated with 80% of IR , which came in the second-order, then the faba bean plants irrigated with 100% of IR which realized the highest growth performance as well as yield traits. Soil treated with compost caused improvement in the growth performance as well as yield traits compared to the corresponding soil without compost. The highest infestation was observed in 100% irrigated with 65.55 and 74.53 aphids/ ten leaves in the two seasons, respectively, however, the lowest aphid number was recorded in 80% irrigated with 33.87 and 30.28 aphids/ ten leaves in the two seasons, respectively, followed insignificantly by 60% irrigated in the second season. The foliar application with two pesticides (Chemical and Bio) reduced aphid infestation by about 50% and 30%, respectively, compared with control in both seasons. It is clear that the two pesticides did not differ significantly in both seasons and the control recorded 58.22 aphids/ ten leaves, respectively, in the first season, and 55.65 aphids/ ten leaves, respectively, in the second season.
Jasminum sambac is the oldest commercial flower belonging to the family Oleaceae. The crop has main flowering seasons, i.e. from March to October and an off-season from November to February. However, the seasonal nature of flowering is one of the serious problems that affect both jasmine growers and consumers. In addition to that the maximum and minimum productive seasons, which affect the price trends of jasmine greatly. At present, the use of growth regulators to develop and increase production has received the uttermost attention. In the light of this situation, current study was conducted at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, on the "Effects of application of growth regulators on growth and flower yield of Jasminum sambac (Geta pichcha)” during the years 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven different treatments and six replications. Six-month-old Jasminum sambac plants were selected for investigation. Three growth regulators, GA3, IAA, and Paclobutrazol, were selected at 150 ppm and 200 ppm intervals. Among the various treatments, application of IAA at 200ppm (T4) recorded the highest plant height (49.08cm & 66.00cm at 60 and 120 DAP respectively), length of primary shoots (35.33cm & 57.50cm at 60 and 120 DAP respectively), number of leaves (23.91 & 44.13 at 60 and 120 DAP respectively), number of secondary shoots (3.51 & 8.08 at 60 and 120 DAP respectively) and length of flower buds (2.33cm). The maximum yield of flower buds per plant (241.00) and the highest number of primary shoots (7.00) were noticed in PBZ 200ppm (T6). Earliness of flowering (22.92 days) was recorded by GA3 at 200ppm (T2). According to the findings of the preceding studies, IAA at 200ppm could be recommended for enhancing growth, and both PBZ at 200ppm and IAA at 200ppm were found effective for enhancing the yield and yield attributes of Jasminum sambac.
Genetic variance components and type of gene action controlling yield, yield components, and quality characteristics of cotton plants. Therefore, this investigation was implemented at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr Elshiekh Governorate, Egypt during the summer seasons of 2019, 2020, and 2021 to estimate two cotton crosses, cross I (Giza 92 x Suvin) and cross II (Giza 92 x 10229) using the mean of six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2), and laid down in a Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with four replications.. Results revealed that the mean values of the F1 population were better than the respective parents, F2, BC1, and BC2 populations for most studied traits of the two crosses. The significant and positive (desirable) heterosis relative to mid and better-parent for most studied traits in both crosses. Inbreeding depression was significant and positive for most studied yield traits at the cross I, which exhibited highly significant and negative for micronaire reading in cross II. The values of the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than the values of the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the studied traits of both crosses. The dominance gene effect, was higher than additive gene effects for all studied traits in the two crosses except the uniformity index in cross II, indicating the predominant role of the dominant component of gene action in the inheritance of these traits. High heritability in broad-sense estimates (>50%) was detected for all traits studied at the two crosses. The heritability in narrow-sense estimates ranged from 7.74% to 63.76% for the boll weight and uniformity index in cross I. The expected genetic advance under 10 % selection of the individual plants in the F2 generation ranged from 32.31% to 99.12% for seed index and boll weight of cross I, respectively. It could be concluded that dominance and epistatic gene effects played a major role in controlling the genetic variance in most of the studied traits.
Thirteen flax genotypes were evaluated for yield and physiological characters under two different environments; Giza Experiment Station (30° 02' N latitude and 31° 13' E longitude) and Ismailia Experiment Station, (30° 35' N Latitude and 32° 14'E Longitude), Field crops Res. Institute, Agricultural Research center, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The morphological and physiological responses for thirteen genotypes were differed between the two locations as they represented genotypes by environmental effects. Giza location (clay soil and normal conditions) was favorable than Ismailia location (sandy soil and stressful conditions) in all agronomic traits. An increase in antioxidant enzymes, proline and total phenolic content in response to sandy soil water characters was observed. The new promising strain (S. 620/3/5) achieved highest estimates in total plant height, technical stem length, straw yield/plant as well as per ha, fiber yield per ha, fiber length, total fiber percentage, catalase, peroxidase, proline and total phenolic content in Giza and Ismailia location. While, S.945/9/9/5 achieved the maximum values in seed yield/plant and seed yield/ha and occupied the first position and surpassed all the other genotypes in oil percentage and oil yield/ha under both locations. PCA-Biplot analysis were presented in horizontal axis using 20 phenotypic traits; A cluster heat map showed that Strain 651 and 620/3/5 had highest mean performance for fiber traits and almost of physiological traits as clustered in the column dendrogram. Under conditions of the present work, sowing S.620/3/5 for the best straw and fiber yield/ha and S. 945/9/9/5 for the best seed yield/ha) can be recommended to decrease the gap between the production and local requirements.
Apis florea, Fabricius, 1787, the exotic dwarf bee, is native to Southeast Asia's tropical and subtropical climates. This bee's extensive range is restricted to warm areas, where it thrives. Over the last few decades, human activities transported A. florea to the African continent, where the species has successfully established itself. A. florea was first discovered in the Khartoum forest in 1985. The rapid invasion of A. florea exhibits a significant and effective settling which enables it to play a vital role in the agri-ecosystem services. After being introduced to Sudan, A. florea is believed to have undergone behavioral or character amendments as a result of ecological adaptation to various climatic conditions. As a result, the purpose of this work is to review the current status and comprehensive research on A. florea specie in order to understand its impact in a new habitat as well as its potential economic benefits.
Honey bees are social insects produce honey and other hive products like propolis, royal jelly, bee venom and bee wax. Besides, their significance as the valued pollinators of many vegetable and horticultural crops they also play a crucial role in preservation of natural biodiversity. Many (diseases, parasites, insects) and environmental stress have an impact on the longevity and efficiency of honey bees. Gasses, heavy metals and air pollutants, in addition to inorganic compounds, have been linked to increased queen replacement and winter mortality in honey bees, as well as reduced brood survival and interference with cellular metabolism. Furthermore, natural poisons in food including toxic polysaccharides, phenolics, cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids can impair colony performance, influence energy production via mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibition and result in acute mortality. In addition, adult bees ingesting acaricides such as formic acid and oxalic acid may die midgut cells, reducing bee activity, nursing behavior and longevity. Furthermore, biosphere pollution caused by irresponsible pesticide usage causing several issues to honey bee species, the most prominent of which is Apis mellifera L. Although no one chemical has been linked to colony collapse disorder, it is possible that it contributes to decreased honey bee health. Well understanding of pesticide mode of action in targeted pests and honey bees has resulted in a viable technique to prevent pesticide side effects on honey bees. As a result, the purpose of this review is to look into the toxicity of some pesticides used on crops, acaricides used in honey bee colonies and natural plant toxins. Understanding the role of these compounds and their side effects on honey bees is undoubtedly important in preventing colony collapse.
