‘IGBO: A CONVENTIONAL OR A MOBILE NATION’? INTERROGATING THE IGBO PEOPLE’S MIGRATION DEXTERITY
Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies,
Page 1-12
Abstract
The Igbo people have continued to rank high in global migration index, with scholars proffering physical factors of ecology, economics, survival etc., as reason. However, they rarely consider spiritual factors, thereby creating an epistemic gap. The current work is therefore designed to fill this gap. It adopts socio-hermeneutical method and examines extent literatures in books, journals, internet and archival material and discovers that the Igbo peoples’ migration dexterity hinges on divine instructions. Hence, this work concludes that it is in the quest to obeying this mandate that the Igbo peoples’ migration dexterity should be understood and interpreted.
Keywords:
- Igbo
- conventional
- mobile nation
- interrogating
- migration
- dexterity
How to Cite
OKORO, K. (2022). ‘IGBO: A CONVENTIONAL OR A MOBILE NATION’? INTERROGATING THE IGBO PEOPLE’S MIGRATION DEXTERITY. Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies, 5(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/7570
References
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Adodo, Anselm. Nature and Power. Ibadan: Day Star; 2001.
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Afigbo, Adiele. Ropes on the Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. Ibadan: University Press Limited; 1981.
Afigbo, Adiele. The Age of Innocence: Enugu: Fourth Dimension; 1985.
Ahamefule Uzoma. ‘Igbo People, One People, Great people, Great Culture’; 2018. Accessed from www.igboeopleofeastern.nigeria.edu/org.
Anonymous. ‘Religion in a Globalized in Nigeria: A Case for African Traditional Religion’ Aspects of Religious Studies and Philosophy edited by Okereke, C.C and Nwoko, M.N. Owerri: Skill-Mark Media; 2011.
Anonymous, Nkama, Chinyere l. ‘Ubuntu Ideality: The Solution to Xenophobic Practices in South Africa’ World Journal of Research and Review [WJRR]. 2018;6(3):115-125. Available:www.wjrr.org.
Arthur Nwankwo. ‘Igbo Identity and Affirmation’ [3] Sunday Concord September 17, 2000 [9]; 2000.
Barbort James. ‘A Description of the Coast of North and South of Guinea’ Churchill’s Voyage and Travels. London: Mary Knoll; 1946.
Brenner Neil. ‘Between Fixity and Motion: Accumulation, Territorial Organization and Historical Geography of Spatial Scales’ Environmental and Planning D Society and Space. 1998;16(4):459-481. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on march 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil. ‘Beyond State Centrism? Space, Territoriality and Geographical Scales in Globalization Studies’ Theory and Society. 1999a;28(1):39-78. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on Maech 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil. New State Spaces: Urban Governance and Rescaling of Statehood. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. Available:www.migration.stds.edu.org. Accessed March 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil, Nick Theodore. ‘Cities and Geographies of Actually Existing Neo-liberalism’ Antipode. 2002;34(3):348-379. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Dike Kenneth. Trade and Politics of the Niger Delta. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1956.
Dmitri Van Dan Berssella. Imagining Home: Migration and Culture and the Igbo Village in Colonial Nigeria. Anthropology Manual. 2005; 46(1). Available:www.stds_migratio_nig/edu.org. Accessed on November 20, 2018.
Eberegbulam NJ. The Igbo of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes and Survival. New York: Lewiston Millan Press; 1990.
Fadayomi TTO. ‘Rural-Out-Migration in Nigeria: Its Determinants and Policy Implications’. J. Rural Ecco. Dev. 1979;12(3): 1-2. Available:www.migration.stds-in-nig/edu/org. Accessed on March12, 2019.
Flint JE. Sir George Goldie and Making of Nigeria. England: OUP; 1960. Available:www.rconomicpolticsinigboland.edu/org.
Gada Christian. The Historical Development of Written Discourse on Ubuntu’ African Journal of Philosophy. 2011;30(3):303-329.
Ibiloye EO. British Colonial Policy as a First Factor in Inter-Ethnic Migration in Nigeria 1893-1930’. World Scientific News; 2016. Available:www.worldscientificnews-series.com. Accessed 2nd January, 2019
Ijeoma JO. ‘Igboland: A History Perspective’ A Survey of Igbo Nation. Edited by Ofomata G.E.K. Onitsha: First African Publishers. 2002;39-54.
Isichei Elizabeth. The History of the Igbo Land. Enugu: Forth Dimension; 1926.
Isichei Elizabeth. Voices of the Poor in Africa. London: Boydell and Brewe; 2002.
Korieh Chimah J. The Land Has changed: History, Society and Gender in Colonial Eastern Nigeria. Calgary: University of Calgary Press; 2010.
Leith-Rose, Sylvia. African Women: A Study of the Igbo-Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber; 1939.
Macleod, Gordon and Mark Godwin. Space, Scale and State Strategy: Re-thinking Urban and Regional Governance’ Progress in Human Geography. 1999;23(4): 503-527. Available:www.human-migration.stds.org. Accessed on March 14, 2019.
Madubuike, Ihechukwu. The Igbo Challenge in Nigeria: Beyond Rancor and Recrimination. New Jersey: Goldline and Jacobs; 2012.
Maliya S. ‘Igbos Dominate Economically in Lagos Because Yorubas are Lazy’; 2013. Available online @elombah.com. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Mbaegbu, Damian, Ekienabor Ehijide. ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship Among the Igbos of South-East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria’ International Journal of Advanced Studies in Economics and Public Sector Management. 2018;6(1):49-62.
McClelland C. ‘Business Drive and National Advancement’ Harvard Business Review-July-August. 1962;99-112. Available:www.human.deve_migration.stds.org. Accessed on Feb.2,2019.
Mgbeafulu MC. ‘Migration and the Economy: Igbo Migration and Nigeria Economy 1900-1975’; 2003. Available:www.liberiauniveristy.it/migration-and-igbogrants/books. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Muoh, Obinna. ‘Histography of Igbo Migrations and Diaspora’ Historical Research Letters. 2017;40. Available:www.iiste.org. Accessed March 20, 2019.
Nwauwa, Apollos, Korieh, Chima J. Against All Odds: The Igbo Experience in Post-Colonial Nigeria. New Jersey: Goldline and Jacobs; 2011.
Nzimiro I. ‘A Study of Mobility among the Ibos of Eastern Nigeria’. Inter. J. Comp. Social. 1965;6:1.
Ojukwu Chris. ‘Globalization, Migration and Philosophy of In-Ward-Looking: The Contemporary Igbo Nation in Perspective’ African Journal of Political Science and International Relation. 2009; 3(3):84-91. Available:http://www.academicjournal.org. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Ola Udoka. ‘The Socio-Economic Basis of Diaspora Community: Igwe Bu Ike’ Review of African Political Economy. 2002;29(92): 29-46. Available:www.niger-igbo_migration.edu/org. Accessed on November 20, 2018.
Olutayo, Akin Lanre. ‘The Igbo Entrepreneur in Political Economy of Nigeria’ ResearchGate; 1999. Available:www.researchgate.net/publication/32171019. [147-174] ACCESSED on March 20, 2019.
Olutayo, Olanrewaju A. The Igbo Entrepreneur in the Political Economy of Nigeria’ African Monograph. 1999;20(3):147-174. Available:www.igbopeoples/history.edu/org. Accessed on 22nd January, 2019.
Onwuegeogwu MA. The Socio-Anthropology of Africa: An Introduction. Ibadan: Heinemann; 2010.
Orenkunrin, Ola. ‘The Secret Power of Igbo’s for Sustainable Approach to Business in Nigeria: We Have lessons to Learn from Igbo People’. 2016;1-7. Available:www.igbopeopleofeastern.nigeia.edu/org. on 22nd January, 2019.
Orugun JJ, Tunde NA. An Exploratory Study of Igbo Entrepreneurial Activity and Business Success in Nigeria as the Panacea for Economic Growth and Development’ International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2014;3(9). Available:www.ijst.org. Accessed on March 20,
Ottenberg S. ‘Ibo Oracles and Intergroup Relations’ Southwest Journal of Anthropology. 1958;14:3.
Ottenberg S. Ibo Receptive to Change in Bascom and Herskovits [eds] Continuity and Change in African Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago; 1959. Available:www.migration_stds/edu.org. Accessed on Feb. 12, 2019.
Piche, Victor. Contemporary Migration Theories as Reflected in Their Founding Texts, Translated by Catriona Duteuth. INED Population. 2013;68:141-164. Available:www.cairn-int.info/article-E-_popu_1301-0153.contemporary-migration-theories-as-refle.htm. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Report of Justice G.M.C Onyiuke on the Massacre of Ndi-Igbo in 1966. Ikeja: Tollbrook Publishers.
Riley NE, McCarthy. Demography in the Age of Post Modern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. Available:www.migration/theories.edu/org. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Russell King. Theories and Typologies of Migration: An Overview and Primer: Willey Brandt Migration and Ethic Relation 3/12. Sweden: Malmo University; 2013. Available:www.bit.mah.se/MUEP. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Schiller Nina Glick, Cagler Ayle. Migrant Incorporation and City Scale: Towards a Theory of Locality in Migration Studies: Willey Brandt Series of Working papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relation 2/07/ Sweden: Malmo University online Publications; 2008. Available:www.bit.mah.se/MUEP. Accessed on March12, 2019
Shaw T. Unearthing Igbo Ukwu. Ibadan: University Press; 1977.
Sjaastad LA. ‘The Cost and Returns of Human Migrations’ Journal of Political Economy. 1962;70(5)Part 2:80-93. Available:www.migration-theories/edu.org. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Uchendu VC. Igbo of South East Nigeria. New York: Holder and Linehert and Winston; 1965.
Udechukwu P, Craigen R. Entrepreneurship and Igbo People. News Resources, Thursday, May 11, 2017. Available:www.igbopeopleofeaster.nigeria.edu/org. on 15th January, 2019.
Ukaogo Victor. ‘Igbo Migration Population and Development Agenda in Nigeria’ Researchgate; 2011. Available:www.researchgate.net/publication/315722343. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Ukwu I. Ukwu. ‘The Development of Traditional Marketing in Iboland’ Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria. 1967;2(l 4):650.
Uwalaka, Jude. The Struggle for an Inclusive Nigeria: Igbo’s To Be or Not Be? A Treatise on Igbo Political Personality and Survival in Nigeria. To NwaIgbo: Enugu: Snaaps Publishers; 2003.
Victanem M. The Role of Different Theories in Explaining Entrepreneurship. Helsinki Finland: School of Economics and Business Administration-Small Business Centre; 1986. Available:www.migration-deve-stds.org. Accessed on Feb 2, 2019.
Waddell Hope. Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa. London; OUP; 1963.
Walter, Rucker, C. The River Flows: Black Resistance, culture and Identity Formation in Early America. NY. LSU Press; 2006.
Adejumoke AA, Ikwuyatum GO, Abejide O. The Dynamics of Internal and International Mobility of Traders in Nigeria: Report for the Mac-Arthur-Funded Project on African Perspective on Human Mobility. Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press; 2011. Available:www.migrationtheories/edu.org.
Adodo, Anselm. Nature and Power. Ibadan: Day Star; 2001.
Afigbo AE. ‘Economic Foundation of Colonial Society’ In Akinjogbin SO, S.O Osaba [eds] Topics on Nigeria Economic and Social History. Ile-Ife, University of Ife Press; 1980.
Afigbo Adiele. Groundwork on Igbo History. Lagos: Vista books; 1992.
Afigbo, Adiele. ‘Igboland Before 1980’ In Obara Ikimi [ed] Groundwork of Nigerian History. Ibadan: Heinemann; 1980. www.stds.in_nig-migration.edu/org. Accessed on March 12, 2019
Afigbo, Adiele. Ropes on the Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture. Ibadan: University Press Limited; 1981.
Afigbo, Adiele. The Age of Innocence: Enugu: Fourth Dimension; 1985.
Ahamefule Uzoma. ‘Igbo People, One People, Great people, Great Culture’; 2018. Accessed from www.igboeopleofeastern.nigeria.edu/org.
Anonymous. ‘Religion in a Globalized in Nigeria: A Case for African Traditional Religion’ Aspects of Religious Studies and Philosophy edited by Okereke, C.C and Nwoko, M.N. Owerri: Skill-Mark Media; 2011.
Anonymous, Nkama, Chinyere l. ‘Ubuntu Ideality: The Solution to Xenophobic Practices in South Africa’ World Journal of Research and Review [WJRR]. 2018;6(3):115-125. Available:www.wjrr.org.
Arthur Nwankwo. ‘Igbo Identity and Affirmation’ [3] Sunday Concord September 17, 2000 [9]; 2000.
Barbort James. ‘A Description of the Coast of North and South of Guinea’ Churchill’s Voyage and Travels. London: Mary Knoll; 1946.
Brenner Neil. ‘Between Fixity and Motion: Accumulation, Territorial Organization and Historical Geography of Spatial Scales’ Environmental and Planning D Society and Space. 1998;16(4):459-481. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on march 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil. ‘Beyond State Centrism? Space, Territoriality and Geographical Scales in Globalization Studies’ Theory and Society. 1999a;28(1):39-78. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on Maech 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil. New State Spaces: Urban Governance and Rescaling of Statehood. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004. Available:www.migration.stds.edu.org. Accessed March 12, 2019.
Brenner Neil, Nick Theodore. ‘Cities and Geographies of Actually Existing Neo-liberalism’ Antipode. 2002;34(3):348-379. Available:www.migration.stds/edu.org. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Dike Kenneth. Trade and Politics of the Niger Delta. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1956.
Dmitri Van Dan Berssella. Imagining Home: Migration and Culture and the Igbo Village in Colonial Nigeria. Anthropology Manual. 2005; 46(1). Available:www.stds_migratio_nig/edu.org. Accessed on November 20, 2018.
Eberegbulam NJ. The Igbo of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes and Survival. New York: Lewiston Millan Press; 1990.
Fadayomi TTO. ‘Rural-Out-Migration in Nigeria: Its Determinants and Policy Implications’. J. Rural Ecco. Dev. 1979;12(3): 1-2. Available:www.migration.stds-in-nig/edu/org. Accessed on March12, 2019.
Flint JE. Sir George Goldie and Making of Nigeria. England: OUP; 1960. Available:www.rconomicpolticsinigboland.edu/org.
Gada Christian. The Historical Development of Written Discourse on Ubuntu’ African Journal of Philosophy. 2011;30(3):303-329.
Ibiloye EO. British Colonial Policy as a First Factor in Inter-Ethnic Migration in Nigeria 1893-1930’. World Scientific News; 2016. Available:www.worldscientificnews-series.com. Accessed 2nd January, 2019
Ijeoma JO. ‘Igboland: A History Perspective’ A Survey of Igbo Nation. Edited by Ofomata G.E.K. Onitsha: First African Publishers. 2002;39-54.
Isichei Elizabeth. The History of the Igbo Land. Enugu: Forth Dimension; 1926.
Isichei Elizabeth. Voices of the Poor in Africa. London: Boydell and Brewe; 2002.
Korieh Chimah J. The Land Has changed: History, Society and Gender in Colonial Eastern Nigeria. Calgary: University of Calgary Press; 2010.
Leith-Rose, Sylvia. African Women: A Study of the Igbo-Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber; 1939.
Macleod, Gordon and Mark Godwin. Space, Scale and State Strategy: Re-thinking Urban and Regional Governance’ Progress in Human Geography. 1999;23(4): 503-527. Available:www.human-migration.stds.org. Accessed on March 14, 2019.
Madubuike, Ihechukwu. The Igbo Challenge in Nigeria: Beyond Rancor and Recrimination. New Jersey: Goldline and Jacobs; 2012.
Maliya S. ‘Igbos Dominate Economically in Lagos Because Yorubas are Lazy’; 2013. Available online @elombah.com. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Mbaegbu, Damian, Ekienabor Ehijide. ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship Among the Igbos of South-East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria’ International Journal of Advanced Studies in Economics and Public Sector Management. 2018;6(1):49-62.
McClelland C. ‘Business Drive and National Advancement’ Harvard Business Review-July-August. 1962;99-112. Available:www.human.deve_migration.stds.org. Accessed on Feb.2,2019.
Mgbeafulu MC. ‘Migration and the Economy: Igbo Migration and Nigeria Economy 1900-1975’; 2003. Available:www.liberiauniveristy.it/migration-and-igbogrants/books. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Muoh, Obinna. ‘Histography of Igbo Migrations and Diaspora’ Historical Research Letters. 2017;40. Available:www.iiste.org. Accessed March 20, 2019.
Nwauwa, Apollos, Korieh, Chima J. Against All Odds: The Igbo Experience in Post-Colonial Nigeria. New Jersey: Goldline and Jacobs; 2011.
Nzimiro I. ‘A Study of Mobility among the Ibos of Eastern Nigeria’. Inter. J. Comp. Social. 1965;6:1.
Ojukwu Chris. ‘Globalization, Migration and Philosophy of In-Ward-Looking: The Contemporary Igbo Nation in Perspective’ African Journal of Political Science and International Relation. 2009; 3(3):84-91. Available:http://www.academicjournal.org. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Ola Udoka. ‘The Socio-Economic Basis of Diaspora Community: Igwe Bu Ike’ Review of African Political Economy. 2002;29(92): 29-46. Available:www.niger-igbo_migration.edu/org. Accessed on November 20, 2018.
Olutayo, Akin Lanre. ‘The Igbo Entrepreneur in Political Economy of Nigeria’ ResearchGate; 1999. Available:www.researchgate.net/publication/32171019. [147-174] ACCESSED on March 20, 2019.
Olutayo, Olanrewaju A. The Igbo Entrepreneur in the Political Economy of Nigeria’ African Monograph. 1999;20(3):147-174. Available:www.igbopeoples/history.edu/org. Accessed on 22nd January, 2019.
Onwuegeogwu MA. The Socio-Anthropology of Africa: An Introduction. Ibadan: Heinemann; 2010.
Orenkunrin, Ola. ‘The Secret Power of Igbo’s for Sustainable Approach to Business in Nigeria: We Have lessons to Learn from Igbo People’. 2016;1-7. Available:www.igbopeopleofeastern.nigeia.edu/org. on 22nd January, 2019.
Orugun JJ, Tunde NA. An Exploratory Study of Igbo Entrepreneurial Activity and Business Success in Nigeria as the Panacea for Economic Growth and Development’ International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2014;3(9). Available:www.ijst.org. Accessed on March 20,
Ottenberg S. ‘Ibo Oracles and Intergroup Relations’ Southwest Journal of Anthropology. 1958;14:3.
Ottenberg S. Ibo Receptive to Change in Bascom and Herskovits [eds] Continuity and Change in African Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago; 1959. Available:www.migration_stds/edu.org. Accessed on Feb. 12, 2019.
Piche, Victor. Contemporary Migration Theories as Reflected in Their Founding Texts, Translated by Catriona Duteuth. INED Population. 2013;68:141-164. Available:www.cairn-int.info/article-E-_popu_1301-0153.contemporary-migration-theories-as-refle.htm. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Report of Justice G.M.C Onyiuke on the Massacre of Ndi-Igbo in 1966. Ikeja: Tollbrook Publishers.
Riley NE, McCarthy. Demography in the Age of Post Modern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. Available:www.migration/theories.edu/org. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Russell King. Theories and Typologies of Migration: An Overview and Primer: Willey Brandt Migration and Ethic Relation 3/12. Sweden: Malmo University; 2013. Available:www.bit.mah.se/MUEP. Accessed on March 12, 2019.
Schiller Nina Glick, Cagler Ayle. Migrant Incorporation and City Scale: Towards a Theory of Locality in Migration Studies: Willey Brandt Series of Working papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relation 2/07/ Sweden: Malmo University online Publications; 2008. Available:www.bit.mah.se/MUEP. Accessed on March12, 2019
Shaw T. Unearthing Igbo Ukwu. Ibadan: University Press; 1977.
Sjaastad LA. ‘The Cost and Returns of Human Migrations’ Journal of Political Economy. 1962;70(5)Part 2:80-93. Available:www.migration-theories/edu.org. Accessed on Feb2, 2019.
Uchendu VC. Igbo of South East Nigeria. New York: Holder and Linehert and Winston; 1965.
Udechukwu P, Craigen R. Entrepreneurship and Igbo People. News Resources, Thursday, May 11, 2017. Available:www.igbopeopleofeaster.nigeria.edu/org. on 15th January, 2019.
Ukaogo Victor. ‘Igbo Migration Population and Development Agenda in Nigeria’ Researchgate; 2011. Available:www.researchgate.net/publication/315722343. Accessed on March 20, 2019.
Ukwu I. Ukwu. ‘The Development of Traditional Marketing in Iboland’ Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria. 1967;2(l 4):650.
Uwalaka, Jude. The Struggle for an Inclusive Nigeria: Igbo’s To Be or Not Be? A Treatise on Igbo Political Personality and Survival in Nigeria. To NwaIgbo: Enugu: Snaaps Publishers; 2003.
Victanem M. The Role of Different Theories in Explaining Entrepreneurship. Helsinki Finland: School of Economics and Business Administration-Small Business Centre; 1986. Available:www.migration-deve-stds.org. Accessed on Feb 2, 2019.
Waddell Hope. Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa. London; OUP; 1963.
Walter, Rucker, C. The River Flows: Black Resistance, culture and Identity Formation in Early America. NY. LSU Press; 2006.
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