PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IMPORTANCE AND EFFECTS: A REVIEW
Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,
Page 74-83
Abstract
Plant growth regulators are very important compounds in the growth and response of plants, especially in the plant tissue culture technology. The response of cultivated plants in the field or the growing plant parts is based on plant tissue culture technology. Plant tissue culture is considered as a signal of plant orientation for vegetative or root growth, flowering or maturation, including what is produced naturally in the plant, including what is manufactured and then added to the plant to stimulate growth in a certain direction.
Keywords:
- Plant hormones
- auxins
- cytokines
- gibberellins
- ethylene.
How to Cite
J. S. BADAY, S. (2019). PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS IMPORTANCE AND EFFECTS: A REVIEW. Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 4(2), 74-83. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/AJMAB/article/view/4780
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Davies Peter J. Regulatory factors in hormone action: Level, location and signal transduction. In: Plant Hormones. Springer; 2010.
Ali Tariq, Mahmood Sajid, Khan Muhammad Yahya, Aslam Ana, Hussain Muhammad Baqir, Asghar, Hafiz Naeem, Akhtar, Muhammad Javed. Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by auxin assisted bacterial Inoculation. Asian J. Agric. Biol. 2013;1:79e84.
Bashri Gausiya, Prasad Sheo Mohan. Exogenous IAA differentially affects growth, oxidative stress and antioxidants system in Cd stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seedlings: Toxicity alleviation by up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2016;132:329e338.
George Edwin F, Hall Michael A, Geert-Jan De Klerk. Plant growth regulators I: Introduction; auxins, their analogues and inhibitors. In: Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Springer; 2008.
Hac-Wydro Katarzyna, Aleksandra Sroka, Jabło_nska Klaudia. The impact of auxins used in assisted phytoextraction of metals from the contaminated environment on the alterations caused by lead (II) ions in the organization of model lipid membranes. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2016;143:124e130.
Zhou JM, Dang Zhi, Chen NC, Xu SG, Xie ZY. Enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminated soil by chelating agents and auxin indole-3-acetic acid. Huan jing ke xue¼ Huanjing kexue. 2007;28:2085e2088.
Pourrut Bertrand, Shahid Muhammad, Dumat Camille, Peter Winterton, Pinelli Eric. Lead uptake, toxicity, and detoxification in plants. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer. 2011;213.
Seregin IV, Shpigun LK, Ivanov VB. Distribution and toxic effects of cadmium and lead on maize roots. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2004;51:525e533.
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Israr Mohd, Sahi Shivendra V. Promising role of plant hormones in translocation of lead in Sesbania drummondii shoots. Environ. Pollut. 2008;153:29e36.
Rostami Saeid, Azhdarpoor Abooalfazl, Reza Samaei, Mohammad. Removal of pyrene from soil using phytobioremediation (sorghum bicolor-Pseudomonas). Health Scope. 2017; 6(4).
Rostami Saeid, Azhdarpoor Abooalfazl, Rostami Majid, Reza Samaei Mohammad. The effects of simultaneous application of plant growth regulators and bioaugmentation on improvement of phytoremediation of pyrene contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2016;161:219e223.
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Jasmina Kurepa, Timothy E. Shull, Jan A. Smalle. Antagonistic activity of auxin and cytokinin in shoot and root organs. Plant Direct. 2019;3:1-9.
Maricarmen Bernales, Liliam Monsalve, Aniba Ayala-Raso, Monika Valdenegro, Juan Pablo Martíneze, Dante Travisany, Bruno Defilippi, Mauricio González-Agüero, Sam Cherian, Lida Fuentes. Expression of two indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase (GH3) genes during fruit development of raspberry (Rubus idaeus Heritage), Scientia Horticulturae. 2019;246:168-175.
Aprill Wayne, Sims Ronald C. Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. Chemosphere. 1990;20:253e265.
Teiri Hakimeh, Pourzamani Hamidreza, Hajizadeh Yaghoub. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere. 2018;197:375e381.
Latif Khan, Abdul Ahmed Halo, Boshra Elyassi Ali, Ali Sajid, Al-Hosni Khadija, Hussain Javid, Al-Harrasi Ahmed, Lee In-Jung. Indole acetic acid and ACC deaminase from endophytic bacteria improves the growth of Solarium lycopersicum. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 2016;19:58e64.
Aloni R. The induction of vascular tissues by auxin and cytokinin. In: Davies PJ, ed. Plant hormones. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1995;531–546.
Chai YM, Zhang Q, Tian L, Li CL, Xing Y, Qin L, Shen YY. Brassinosteroid is involved instrawberry fruit ripening. Plant Growth Regulation. 2013;69(1):63-69.
Lal S, Tiwari JP, Awasthi P, Singh G. Effect of IBA and NAA on rooting potential of stooled shoots of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar. Acta Horticulturae. 2007;735:193-196.
García-Martínez J. Gibberellin metabolism and control of fruit growth. In: VIII International Symposium on Plant Bioregulation in Fruit Production. 1997;463:39e52.
Tudzynski Bettina, Holter Katja. Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in Gibberella fujikuroi: Evidence for a gene cluster. Fungal Genet. Biol. 1998;25:157e170.
Sponsel Valerie M, Hedden Peter. Gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation. In: Plant Hormones. Springer; 2010.
Serrani Juan Carlos, Sanju_an Rafael, Ruiz-Rivero Omar, Fos Mariano, García-Martínez Jos_e Luis. Gibberellin regulation of fruit set and growth in tomato. Plant Physiol. 2007;145:246e257.
Gilroy Simon, Jones Russell L. Gibberellic acid and abscisic acid coordinately regulate cytoplasmic calcium and secretory activity in barley aleurone protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am. 1992;89:3591e3595.
Jiang Yiwei, Huang Bingru. Effects of calcium on antioxidant activities and water relations associated with heat tolerance in two cool-season grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 2001;52:341e349.
Siddiqui MH, Khan MN, Mohammad F, Khan MMA. Role of nitrogen and gibberellin (GA3) in the regulation of enzyme activities and in osmoprotectant accumulation in Brassica juncea L. under salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2008;194:214e224.
Ma Hong-Yuan, Zhao Dan-Dan, Ning Qiu-Rui, Wei Ji-Ping, Yang Li, Wang Ming-Ming, Liu Xiao-Long, Jiang Chang-Jie, Liang Zheng-Wei. A multi-year beneficial effect of seed priming with gibberellic acid-3 (GA3) on plant growth and production in a perennial grass, Leymus chinensis. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:13214.
Tuna A. Levent, Kaya Cengiz, Dikilitas Murat, Higgs David. The combined effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on some antioxidant enzyme activities, plant growth parameters and nutritional status in maize plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2008;62:1e9.
Zhu Xiao Fang, Jiang Tao, Wang Zhi Wei, Lei Gui Jie, Shi Yuan Zhi, Li Gui Xin, Zheng Shao Jian. Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of IRT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Hazard Mater. 2012;239:302e307.
Gangwar Savita, Singh Vijay Pratap, Srivastava Prabhat Kumar, Maurya Jagat Narayan. Modification of chromium (VI) phytotoxicity by exogenous gibberellic acid application in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2011;33:1385e1397.
Siddiqui Manzer H, Al-Whaibi Mohamed H, Basalah Mohammed O. Interactive effect of calcium and gibberellin on nickel tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in Triticum aestivum L. Protoplasma. 2011;248: 503e511.
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Meng Huabing, Hua Shujin, Shamsi, Imran Haider, Jilani, Ghulam, Li, Yuanlong, Jiang, Lixi. Cadmium-induced stress on the seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica napus L., and its alleviation through exogenous plant growth regulators. Plant Growth Regul. 2009;58:47e59.
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Szabados Laszlo, Savoure Arnould. Proline: A multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 1974;15:89-97.
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Casanova L, Casanova R, Moret A, Agustí M. The application of gibberellic acid increases berry size of Emperatriz seedless grape. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2009;7(4):919-927.
Khandaker MM, Boyce AN, Osman N, Golam F, Rahman MM, Sofian-Azirun M. Fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple as affected by localized application of GA₃ under field conditions. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2013;56(1):11-20.
Karishma Sebastian MS, Arya UR, Reshma SJ, Anaswara, Syama S. Thampi. Impact of plant growth regulators on fruit production. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2019;8(2):800-814.
Mandal BK, Rani R, Ray RN. Effect of foliar spray of urea and growth regulators on marketable yield and quality of mango cv. Amrapali. International Journal of Agricultural Science. 2015;7(7):554-558.
Reddy P, Prasad DM. Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit characters and yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Ganesh. International Journal of Plant Animal and Environmental Science. 2012;2(2):91-93.
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Gajdosova Silvia, Spíchal Lukas, Kamínek Miroslav, Hoyerova Klara, Novak Ondrej, Dobrev Petre I, Galuszka Petr, Klíma Petr, Gaudinova Alena, Zizkova Eva. Distribution, biological activities, metabolism, and the conceivable function of cis-zeatin-type cytokinins in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2011;62: 2827e2840.
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Tassi Eliana, Pouget Joel, Petruzzelli Gianniantonio, Barbafieri Meri. The effects of exogenous plant growth regulators in the phytoextraction of heavy metals. Chemosphere. 2008;71:66e73.
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Hajam MA, Hassan GI, Bhat TA, Bhat IA, Rather AM, Parray EA, Wani MA, Khan IF. Understanding plant growth regulators, their interplay: For nursery establishment in fruits. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2017;5(5):905-910.
Davies Peter J. Regulatory factors in hormone action: Level, location and signal transduction. In: Plant Hormones. Springer; 2010.
Ali Tariq, Mahmood Sajid, Khan Muhammad Yahya, Aslam Ana, Hussain Muhammad Baqir, Asghar, Hafiz Naeem, Akhtar, Muhammad Javed. Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by auxin assisted bacterial Inoculation. Asian J. Agric. Biol. 2013;1:79e84.
Bashri Gausiya, Prasad Sheo Mohan. Exogenous IAA differentially affects growth, oxidative stress and antioxidants system in Cd stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seedlings: Toxicity alleviation by up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2016;132:329e338.
George Edwin F, Hall Michael A, Geert-Jan De Klerk. Plant growth regulators I: Introduction; auxins, their analogues and inhibitors. In: Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Springer; 2008.
Hac-Wydro Katarzyna, Aleksandra Sroka, Jabło_nska Klaudia. The impact of auxins used in assisted phytoextraction of metals from the contaminated environment on the alterations caused by lead (II) ions in the organization of model lipid membranes. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2016;143:124e130.
Zhou JM, Dang Zhi, Chen NC, Xu SG, Xie ZY. Enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminated soil by chelating agents and auxin indole-3-acetic acid. Huan jing ke xue¼ Huanjing kexue. 2007;28:2085e2088.
Pourrut Bertrand, Shahid Muhammad, Dumat Camille, Peter Winterton, Pinelli Eric. Lead uptake, toxicity, and detoxification in plants. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Springer. 2011;213.
Seregin IV, Shpigun LK, Ivanov VB. Distribution and toxic effects of cadmium and lead on maize roots. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2004;51:525e533.
Vazquez Miriam Nú~nez, Guerrero Yanelis Reyes, Gonz_alez Lisbel Martínez, Torres de la Noval Walfredo. Brassinosteroids and plant responses to heavy metal stress. An overview. Open J. Met. 2013;3:34.
Saja Baday JS. In vitro study of the callus induction of two varieties of wheat seeds by plant growth regulators. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 2018;18(2):2067-2071.
Israr Mohd, Sahi Shivendra V. Promising role of plant hormones in translocation of lead in Sesbania drummondii shoots. Environ. Pollut. 2008;153:29e36.
Rostami Saeid, Azhdarpoor Abooalfazl, Reza Samaei, Mohammad. Removal of pyrene from soil using phytobioremediation (sorghum bicolor-Pseudomonas). Health Scope. 2017; 6(4).
Rostami Saeid, Azhdarpoor Abooalfazl, Rostami Majid, Reza Samaei Mohammad. The effects of simultaneous application of plant growth regulators and bioaugmentation on improvement of phytoremediation of pyrene contaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2016;161:219e223.
Marina Pérez-Llorca, Paula Muñoz, Maren Müller, Sergi Munné-Bosch. Biosynthesis, metabolism and function of auxin, salicylic acid and melatonin in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2019;10:1-10.
Jasmina Kurepa, Timothy E. Shull, Jan A. Smalle. Antagonistic activity of auxin and cytokinin in shoot and root organs. Plant Direct. 2019;3:1-9.
Maricarmen Bernales, Liliam Monsalve, Aniba Ayala-Raso, Monika Valdenegro, Juan Pablo Martíneze, Dante Travisany, Bruno Defilippi, Mauricio González-Agüero, Sam Cherian, Lida Fuentes. Expression of two indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase (GH3) genes during fruit development of raspberry (Rubus idaeus Heritage), Scientia Horticulturae. 2019;246:168-175.
Aprill Wayne, Sims Ronald C. Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. Chemosphere. 1990;20:253e265.
Teiri Hakimeh, Pourzamani Hamidreza, Hajizadeh Yaghoub. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere. 2018;197:375e381.
Latif Khan, Abdul Ahmed Halo, Boshra Elyassi Ali, Ali Sajid, Al-Hosni Khadija, Hussain Javid, Al-Harrasi Ahmed, Lee In-Jung. Indole acetic acid and ACC deaminase from endophytic bacteria improves the growth of Solarium lycopersicum. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 2016;19:58e64.
Aloni R. The induction of vascular tissues by auxin and cytokinin. In: Davies PJ, ed. Plant hormones. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1995;531–546.
Chai YM, Zhang Q, Tian L, Li CL, Xing Y, Qin L, Shen YY. Brassinosteroid is involved instrawberry fruit ripening. Plant Growth Regulation. 2013;69(1):63-69.
Lal S, Tiwari JP, Awasthi P, Singh G. Effect of IBA and NAA on rooting potential of stooled shoots of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar. Acta Horticulturae. 2007;735:193-196.
García-Martínez J. Gibberellin metabolism and control of fruit growth. In: VIII International Symposium on Plant Bioregulation in Fruit Production. 1997;463:39e52.
Tudzynski Bettina, Holter Katja. Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in Gibberella fujikuroi: Evidence for a gene cluster. Fungal Genet. Biol. 1998;25:157e170.
Sponsel Valerie M, Hedden Peter. Gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation. In: Plant Hormones. Springer; 2010.
Serrani Juan Carlos, Sanju_an Rafael, Ruiz-Rivero Omar, Fos Mariano, García-Martínez Jos_e Luis. Gibberellin regulation of fruit set and growth in tomato. Plant Physiol. 2007;145:246e257.
Gilroy Simon, Jones Russell L. Gibberellic acid and abscisic acid coordinately regulate cytoplasmic calcium and secretory activity in barley aleurone protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am. 1992;89:3591e3595.
Jiang Yiwei, Huang Bingru. Effects of calcium on antioxidant activities and water relations associated with heat tolerance in two cool-season grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 2001;52:341e349.
Siddiqui MH, Khan MN, Mohammad F, Khan MMA. Role of nitrogen and gibberellin (GA3) in the regulation of enzyme activities and in osmoprotectant accumulation in Brassica juncea L. under salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2008;194:214e224.
Ma Hong-Yuan, Zhao Dan-Dan, Ning Qiu-Rui, Wei Ji-Ping, Yang Li, Wang Ming-Ming, Liu Xiao-Long, Jiang Chang-Jie, Liang Zheng-Wei. A multi-year beneficial effect of seed priming with gibberellic acid-3 (GA3) on plant growth and production in a perennial grass, Leymus chinensis. Sci. Rep. 2018;8:13214.
Tuna A. Levent, Kaya Cengiz, Dikilitas Murat, Higgs David. The combined effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on some antioxidant enzyme activities, plant growth parameters and nutritional status in maize plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2008;62:1e9.
Zhu Xiao Fang, Jiang Tao, Wang Zhi Wei, Lei Gui Jie, Shi Yuan Zhi, Li Gui Xin, Zheng Shao Jian. Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of IRT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Hazard Mater. 2012;239:302e307.
Gangwar Savita, Singh Vijay Pratap, Srivastava Prabhat Kumar, Maurya Jagat Narayan. Modification of chromium (VI) phytotoxicity by exogenous gibberellic acid application in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2011;33:1385e1397.
Siddiqui Manzer H, Al-Whaibi Mohamed H, Basalah Mohammed O. Interactive effect of calcium and gibberellin on nickel tolerance in relation to antioxidant systems in Triticum aestivum L. Protoplasma. 2011;248: 503e511.
Hamayun Muhammad, Khan Sumera Afzal, Khan Abdul Latif, Shin Jae-Ho, Ahmad Bashir, Shin Dong-Hyun Lee, In-Jung. Exogenous gibberellic acid reprograms soybean to higher growth and salt stress tolerance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010;58:7226e7232.
Meng Huabing, Hua Shujin, Shamsi, Imran Haider, Jilani, Ghulam, Li, Yuanlong, Jiang, Lixi. Cadmium-induced stress on the seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica napus L., and its alleviation through exogenous plant growth regulators. Plant Growth Regul. 2009;58:47e59.
Stewart GR, Lee JA. The role of proline accumulation in halophytes. Planta. 2010;120:279e289.
Szabados Laszlo, Savoure Arnould. Proline: A multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 1974;15:89-97.
Ji Puhui, Tang Xiwang, Jiang Yongji, Tong Yan'an, Gao Pengcheng, Han Wenshe. Potential of gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) for enhancing the phytoremediation efficiency of Solanum nigrum L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015;95:810e814.
Casanova L, Casanova R, Moret A, Agustí M. The application of gibberellic acid increases berry size of Emperatriz seedless grape. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2009;7(4):919-927.
Khandaker MM, Boyce AN, Osman N, Golam F, Rahman MM, Sofian-Azirun M. Fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple as affected by localized application of GA₃ under field conditions. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2013;56(1):11-20.
Karishma Sebastian MS, Arya UR, Reshma SJ, Anaswara, Syama S. Thampi. Impact of plant growth regulators on fruit production. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2019;8(2):800-814.
Mandal BK, Rani R, Ray RN. Effect of foliar spray of urea and growth regulators on marketable yield and quality of mango cv. Amrapali. International Journal of Agricultural Science. 2015;7(7):554-558.
Reddy P, Prasad DM. Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit characters and yield of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Ganesh. International Journal of Plant Animal and Environmental Science. 2012;2(2):91-93.
Werner Tomas, Motyka Vaclav, Strnad Miroslav, Schmülling Thomas. Regulation of plant growth by cytokinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am. 2001;98:10487e10492.
Gajdosova Silvia, Spíchal Lukas, Kamínek Miroslav, Hoyerova Klara, Novak Ondrej, Dobrev Petre I, Galuszka Petr, Klíma Petr, Gaudinova Alena, Zizkova Eva. Distribution, biological activities, metabolism, and the conceivable function of cis-zeatin-type cytokinins in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2011;62: 2827e2840.
Ashraf Ml, Athar HR, Harris PJC, Kwon TR. Some prospective strategies for improving crop salt tolerance. Adv. Agron. 2008;97:45e110. Avery Jr, George S. The growth hormones found in plants. Ohio J. Sci. 1937;37:317e332.
Grossman Shlomo, Leshem Ya'acov Y. Lowering of endogenous lipoxygenase Activity in Pisum sativum foliage by cytokinin as related to senescence. Physiol. Plantarum. 1978;43:359e362.
Tassi Eliana, Pouget Joel, Petruzzelli Gianniantonio, Barbafieri Meri. The effects of exogenous plant growth regulators in the phytoextraction of heavy metals. Chemosphere. 2008;71:66e73.
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