PLANTS USEFUL FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL AND WATER IN INDIA
Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences,
Page 103-110
Abstract
In recent years, environmental pollution has had a substantial impact on the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Today's environmental difficulties result in contamination of soil, water, and other natural resources of the Earth as a result of the release of dangerous chemicals from multiple manmade sources, resulting in a loss of soil productivity, available drinking water, pure air, and so on. Many efforts have been made, and continue to be undertaken, to reduce pollution sources and restore degraded land and water resources. More than 400 plant species, including Brassica, Vetiveria, Lemna, etc. have been identified as effective targets for soil and water remediation. Phytoremediation is a method of cleaning contaminated soils and water by employing plant species. Many enterprises in developing countries like India release untreated toxins into the environment, causing significant soil and water pollution. This article discusses the present state of phytoremediation in India.
Keywords:
- Remediation
- pollution
- heavy metal
- soil
- water
How to Cite
GUNWAL, I., MATHUR, R., AGRAWAL, Y., & MAGO, P. (2021). PLANTS USEFUL FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL AND WATER IN INDIA. Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 6(1), 103-110. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/7006
References
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Adhikari T, Kumar A, Singh MV, Subba Rao A. Phytoaccumulation of lead by selected wetland plant species. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2010;4:2623-2632.
Ali MB, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Pal A, Singh SP. Physico chemical characteristics of lake Nainital (UP) India. Role of macrophytes and phytoplankton in biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic metal ions. Chemosphere. 1999;39:2172-2182.
Amita NKS, Shikha G. Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment using resistant bacteria. Journal of Environmental Research and Development. 2014;8(04).
Anandhkumar SP. Studies of treated tannery effluent on flower crops and its impact on soil and water quality. Msc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India; 1998.
Welch RM, Hart JJ, Norvell WA, Sullivan LA, Kochian LV. Effects of nutrient solution zinc activity on net uptake, translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc by separated sections of intact durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) seedling roots. Plant Soil. 1999;208:243–250.
Doi:10.1023/A:1004598228978
Nan Z, Li J, Zhang J, Cheng G. Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil-crop system under actual field conditions. Sci Total. Environ. 2002;28:187–195.
DOI:10.1016/S0048- 9697(01)00919-6
Bradl HB. Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004; 277:1–18.
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis. 2004.04.005
Basha SA, Rajaganesh K. Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From Textile Industry Dye Effluents using Isolated Bacterial Strains. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2014;3:785-794.
Hooda V. Phytoremediation of toxic metals from soil and waste water. J. Environ. Biol. 2007;28(2 Suppl.):367–376.
Zhang X-H J, Liu H-T, Huang J, Chen Y-N, Zhu, Wang D-Q. Chromium accumulation by the hyperaccumulator plant Leersia hexandra Swartz,” Chemosphere. 2007;67(6):1138–1143.
Zhu YL, Zayed AM, Qian J-H, De Souza M, Terry N. Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: II. Water hyacinth. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1999;28(1):339–344.
Yadav KK, Gupta N, Kumar V, Singh JK. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sites Using Potential Species: A Review. IJEP. 2017;37:65-84.
Zaidi J, Pal V. Review on heavy metal pollution in major lakes of India: remediation through plants. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2017;11(6):255-265.
Chandra Sekhar K, Kamala CT, Chary NS, Sastry ARK, Nageswara Rao T, Vairamani M. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized biomaterial derived from a plant biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2004;108(1-2):111–117.
Chandra P, Sinha S, Rai UN, Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR. Bioremediation of chromium from water and soil by vascular aquatic plants. ACS symposium, DC7, American Chemical Society, Washington. 1997;274-282.
Chandra R, Yadav S. Potential of Typha angustifolia for phytoremediation of heavy metals from aqueous solution of phenol and melanoidin. Ecological Engineering. 2010;36:1277-1284.
Chen Q, Wong JWC. Growth of Agropyron elongatum in a simulated nickel contaminated soil with lime stabilization,” Science of the Total Environment. 2006;366(2-3):448–455.
Hou W, Chen X, Song G, Wang Q, Chi Chang C. Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna minor). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2007;45(1):62–69.
Bañuelos GS, Zambrzuski S, Mackey B. Phytoextraction of selenium from soils irrigated with selenium-laden effluent. Plant and Soil. 2000;224(2):251–258.
Jiang W, Liu D, Hou W. Hyperaccumulation of cadm ium by roots, bulbs and shoots of garlic,” Bioresource Technology. 2001;76(1):9–13.
Dushenkov PBA, Nanda Kumar H, Motto, Raskin I. Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environmental Science and Technology. 1995;29(5):1239–1245.
Gaur N, Kukreja A, Yadav M, Tiwari A. Assessment of phytoremediation ability of Coriander sativum for soil and water co-contaminated with lead and arsenic. Biotech. 2017;7(3):196.
Gupta MK, Kira H. Diwan, A. Ahmad, M. Iqbal. Genotypic variation in the phytoremediation potential of indian mustard for chromium. Journal of Environmental Management. 2008;41(5):734–741.
Jonnalagadda SB, Nenzou G. Studies on arsenic rich mine dumps. II. The heavy element uptake by vegetation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 1997;32(2)455–464.
Xie QE, Yan X-L, Liao X-Y, X. Li, “The arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L.,” Environmental Science & Technology. 2009;43(22):8488–8495,.
Joshi PK, Swarup A, Maheshwari S, Kumar R, Singh N. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Liquid Media Through Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Sources. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2011; 51(4):482–487.
Kumar M, Mohapatra S, Karim AA, Dhal NK. Heavy metal fractions in rhizosphere sediment vis-à-vis accumulation in Phoenix paludosa (Roxb.) mangrove plants at Dhamra Estuary of India: assessing phytoremediation potential. Chemistry and Ecology. 2021;37(1):1-14.
Kumar NJI, Soni H, Kumar RN, Bhatt I. Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in Pariyej community reserve, Gujarat, India. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2008;8:193-200.
Kumar N, Bauddh K, Dwivedi N, Barman SC, Singh DP. Accumulation of metals in selected macrophytes grown in mixture of drain water and tannery effluent and their phytoremediation potential. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2012;33:923-927.
Susselan KN, Salskar DA, Suvarna S, Udas A, Bhagawat A. Uptake of mercury, cadmium, uranium and zinc by Mimosa pudica. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2006;11:432-436.
Tiwari KK, Dwivedi S, Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Singh NK, Chakraborty S. Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca tuberosa rox and Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra, Gujrat, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2008;147:15-22.
Unnikannan P, Baskaran L, Chidambaram ALA, Sundaramoorthy P. Chromium phytotoxicity in tree species and its role on phytoremediation. Insight Botany. 2013;3:15-25.
Vandenhove H, Van Hees M. Phytoextraction for clean-up of low-level uranium contaminated soil evaluated,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004;72(1-2):41–45.
Kumar V, Kumar P, Singh J, Kumar P. Potential of water fern (Azolla pinnata R. Br.) in phytoremediation of integrated industrial effluent of SIIDCUL, Haridwar, India: Removal of physicochemical and heavy metal pollutants. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2020;22(4):392-403
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay, Subba Rao A. Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils by marigold and chrysanthemum. National Academy of Science Letters. 2009;32:333-336.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay Singh AB, Ahirwar N. Phytoremediation of chromium by tuberose. National Academy of Science Letters. 2012b;35:71-73.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Singh AB, Ajay Naveen Kumar P, Ahirwar NK, Behera SK, Subba Rao A. Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils by tuberose. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2012a; 17:61-64.
Shmaefsky BR. (Ed.). Phytoremediation: In-situ Applications. Springer Nature; 2020.
Singer AC, Bell T, Heywood CA, Smith JAC, Thompson IP. Phytoremediation of mixed-contaminated soil using the hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum: evidence of histidine as a measure of phytoextractable nickel. Environmental Pollution. 2007;147(1): 74–82.
Lai HY, Chen ZS. Effects of EDTA on solubility of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake by rainbow pink and vetiver grass. Chemosphere. 2004;55(3):421–430.
Lal K, Minhas PS, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK. Extraction of cadmium and tolerance of three annual cut flowers on Cd-contaminated soils. Bioresource Technology. 2008a;99:1006-1011.
Lal K, Minhas PS, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK. Cd uptake and tolerance of three aromatic grasses on the Cd-rich soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2008b;56:290-294.
Lombi E, Tearall KL, Howarth JR, Zhao FJ, Hawkesford MJ, McGrath SP. Influence of iron status on calcium and zinc uptake by different ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology. 2002;128:1359-1367.
Das I, Ghosh K, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation: A potential option to mitigate arsenic contamination in soilwater- plant system. Everymans Science. 2005;40:115-123.
Bhui AK, Pandey PK. Identification of Potential Phytoremediation Behaviour of Arsenic and Cadmium Tolerant Plants in Contaminated Sites of Central India; 2021.
Mahimairaja S, Shenbagavalli S, Naidu R. Remediation of chromium-contaminated soil due to tannery waste disposal: potential for phyto- and bioremediation. Pedologist. 2011;175-181.
Mandal A, Purakayastha TJ, Patra AK, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata l. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2012a;14:978-995.
Mandal A, Purakayastha TJ, Patra AK, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata l. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2012b;14:621-628.
Dheri GS, Brar MS, Malhi SS. Comparative phytoremediation of chromium contaminated soils by Fenugreek, Spinach, and Raya. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2007;38:1655-1672.
Axtell NR, Sternberg SPK, Claussen K. Lead and nickel removal using Microspora and Lemna minor. Bioresource Technology. 2003;89(1):41–48.
Mani D, Sharma B, Kumar C. Phytoaccumulation, interaction, toxicity and remediation of cadmium from Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2007;79:71-79.
McIntyre T. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/ Biotechnology. 2003;78:97-123.
Moreno DA, Víllora G, Soriano MT, Castilla N, Romero L. Sulfur, chromium, and selenium accumulated in Chinese cabbage under direct covers. Journal of Environmental Management. 2005;74(1):89–96.
Moreno-Jiménez E, Gamarra R, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Millán R, Peñalosa JM, Esteban E. Mercury bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity in two wild plant species of Almadén area. Chemosphere. 2006;63(11):1969–1973.
Rotkittikhun P, Chaiyarat R, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Baker AJM. Growth and lead accumulation by the grasses Vetiveria zizanioides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amended with pig manure and fertilizer: A glasshouse study. Chemosphere. 2007;66(1):45–53.
Sakthivel S, Mahimairajah S, Divakaran J, Saravanan K, Kookana R, Ramasamy K, Naidu R. Tannery effluent irrigation for tree plantations: Preliminary observation from field experiments. Proceedings of Workshop Towards Better Management of soils Contaminated with Tannery Waste, Coimbatore, India. 2000;174.
Murakami MN, Ae, Ishikawa S. Phytoextraction of cadmium by rice (Oryza sativa L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and maize (Zea mays L.). Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(1):96–103.
Naikoo MI, Kafeel U, Naushin F, Khan FA. Halophytes in India and their role in phytoremediation. Handbook of Halophytes: From Molecules to Ecosystems towards Biosaline Agriculture. 2020;1-21.
Ramasamy K. Tannery effluent related pollution on land and water ecosystems. Proceedings of Extended Abstracts from the International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, California, USA. 1997;771-772.
Skinner KN. Wright, Porter-Goff E. Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants. Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(1):234–237.
Del Río-Celestino M, Font R, Moreno-Rojas R, De Haro-Bailón A. Uptake of lead and zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2006;24(3):230–237.
Oves M, Khan MS, Zaidi A. Biosorption of heavy metals by Bacillus thuringiensis strain OSM29 originating from industrial effluent contaminated North Indian soil. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013;20:121-129.
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Rai PK. Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from industrial effluents using an aquatic free floating macrophyte Azolla pinnata. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2008;10:430-439.
Rai V, Vajpayee P, Singh SN, Mehrotra S. Effect of chromium accumulation on photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defense system, nitrate reduction, proline level and eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Plant Science. 2004;167:1159-1169.
Ghosh M, Singh SP. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 2005;3:1-18.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay, Subba Rao A. Tolerance and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead by gladiolus. National Academy of Science Letters. 2008a;31:327-332.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay, Subba Rao A. Phytoextraction of lead by marigold and chrysanthemum. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2008b;13:297-299.
Ghosh S. Wetland macrophytes as toxic metal accumulators. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010;1:523-528.
Adhikari T, Kumar A, Singh MV, Subba Rao A. Phytoaccumulation of lead by selected wetland plant species. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2010;4:2623-2632.
Ali MB, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Pal A, Singh SP. Physico chemical characteristics of lake Nainital (UP) India. Role of macrophytes and phytoplankton in biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic metal ions. Chemosphere. 1999;39:2172-2182.
Amita NKS, Shikha G. Bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment using resistant bacteria. Journal of Environmental Research and Development. 2014;8(04).
Anandhkumar SP. Studies of treated tannery effluent on flower crops and its impact on soil and water quality. Msc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India; 1998.
Welch RM, Hart JJ, Norvell WA, Sullivan LA, Kochian LV. Effects of nutrient solution zinc activity on net uptake, translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc by separated sections of intact durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) seedling roots. Plant Soil. 1999;208:243–250.
Doi:10.1023/A:1004598228978
Nan Z, Li J, Zhang J, Cheng G. Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil-crop system under actual field conditions. Sci Total. Environ. 2002;28:187–195.
DOI:10.1016/S0048- 9697(01)00919-6
Bradl HB. Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004; 277:1–18.
DOI:10.1016/j.jcis. 2004.04.005
Basha SA, Rajaganesh K. Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From Textile Industry Dye Effluents using Isolated Bacterial Strains. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2014;3:785-794.
Hooda V. Phytoremediation of toxic metals from soil and waste water. J. Environ. Biol. 2007;28(2 Suppl.):367–376.
Zhang X-H J, Liu H-T, Huang J, Chen Y-N, Zhu, Wang D-Q. Chromium accumulation by the hyperaccumulator plant Leersia hexandra Swartz,” Chemosphere. 2007;67(6):1138–1143.
Zhu YL, Zayed AM, Qian J-H, De Souza M, Terry N. Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: II. Water hyacinth. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1999;28(1):339–344.
Yadav KK, Gupta N, Kumar V, Singh JK. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Sites Using Potential Species: A Review. IJEP. 2017;37:65-84.
Zaidi J, Pal V. Review on heavy metal pollution in major lakes of India: remediation through plants. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2017;11(6):255-265.
Chandra Sekhar K, Kamala CT, Chary NS, Sastry ARK, Nageswara Rao T, Vairamani M. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized biomaterial derived from a plant biomass,” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2004;108(1-2):111–117.
Chandra P, Sinha S, Rai UN, Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR. Bioremediation of chromium from water and soil by vascular aquatic plants. ACS symposium, DC7, American Chemical Society, Washington. 1997;274-282.
Chandra R, Yadav S. Potential of Typha angustifolia for phytoremediation of heavy metals from aqueous solution of phenol and melanoidin. Ecological Engineering. 2010;36:1277-1284.
Chen Q, Wong JWC. Growth of Agropyron elongatum in a simulated nickel contaminated soil with lime stabilization,” Science of the Total Environment. 2006;366(2-3):448–455.
Hou W, Chen X, Song G, Wang Q, Chi Chang C. Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna minor). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2007;45(1):62–69.
Bañuelos GS, Zambrzuski S, Mackey B. Phytoextraction of selenium from soils irrigated with selenium-laden effluent. Plant and Soil. 2000;224(2):251–258.
Jiang W, Liu D, Hou W. Hyperaccumulation of cadm ium by roots, bulbs and shoots of garlic,” Bioresource Technology. 2001;76(1):9–13.
Dushenkov PBA, Nanda Kumar H, Motto, Raskin I. Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environmental Science and Technology. 1995;29(5):1239–1245.
Gaur N, Kukreja A, Yadav M, Tiwari A. Assessment of phytoremediation ability of Coriander sativum for soil and water co-contaminated with lead and arsenic. Biotech. 2017;7(3):196.
Gupta MK, Kira H. Diwan, A. Ahmad, M. Iqbal. Genotypic variation in the phytoremediation potential of indian mustard for chromium. Journal of Environmental Management. 2008;41(5):734–741.
Jonnalagadda SB, Nenzou G. Studies on arsenic rich mine dumps. II. The heavy element uptake by vegetation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. 1997;32(2)455–464.
Xie QE, Yan X-L, Liao X-Y, X. Li, “The arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L.,” Environmental Science & Technology. 2009;43(22):8488–8495,.
Joshi PK, Swarup A, Maheshwari S, Kumar R, Singh N. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Liquid Media Through Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Sources. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2011; 51(4):482–487.
Kumar M, Mohapatra S, Karim AA, Dhal NK. Heavy metal fractions in rhizosphere sediment vis-à-vis accumulation in Phoenix paludosa (Roxb.) mangrove plants at Dhamra Estuary of India: assessing phytoremediation potential. Chemistry and Ecology. 2021;37(1):1-14.
Kumar NJI, Soni H, Kumar RN, Bhatt I. Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in Pariyej community reserve, Gujarat, India. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2008;8:193-200.
Kumar N, Bauddh K, Dwivedi N, Barman SC, Singh DP. Accumulation of metals in selected macrophytes grown in mixture of drain water and tannery effluent and their phytoremediation potential. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2012;33:923-927.
Susselan KN, Salskar DA, Suvarna S, Udas A, Bhagawat A. Uptake of mercury, cadmium, uranium and zinc by Mimosa pudica. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2006;11:432-436.
Tiwari KK, Dwivedi S, Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Singh NK, Chakraborty S. Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca tuberosa rox and Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra, Gujrat, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2008;147:15-22.
Unnikannan P, Baskaran L, Chidambaram ALA, Sundaramoorthy P. Chromium phytotoxicity in tree species and its role on phytoremediation. Insight Botany. 2013;3:15-25.
Vandenhove H, Van Hees M. Phytoextraction for clean-up of low-level uranium contaminated soil evaluated,” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004;72(1-2):41–45.
Kumar V, Kumar P, Singh J, Kumar P. Potential of water fern (Azolla pinnata R. Br.) in phytoremediation of integrated industrial effluent of SIIDCUL, Haridwar, India: Removal of physicochemical and heavy metal pollutants. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2020;22(4):392-403
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay, Subba Rao A. Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils by marigold and chrysanthemum. National Academy of Science Letters. 2009;32:333-336.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Ajay Singh AB, Ahirwar N. Phytoremediation of chromium by tuberose. National Academy of Science Letters. 2012b;35:71-73.
Ramana S, Biswas AK, Singh AB, Ajay Naveen Kumar P, Ahirwar NK, Behera SK, Subba Rao A. Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils by tuberose. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2012a; 17:61-64.
Shmaefsky BR. (Ed.). Phytoremediation: In-situ Applications. Springer Nature; 2020.
Singer AC, Bell T, Heywood CA, Smith JAC, Thompson IP. Phytoremediation of mixed-contaminated soil using the hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum: evidence of histidine as a measure of phytoextractable nickel. Environmental Pollution. 2007;147(1): 74–82.
Lai HY, Chen ZS. Effects of EDTA on solubility of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake by rainbow pink and vetiver grass. Chemosphere. 2004;55(3):421–430.
Lal K, Minhas PS, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK. Extraction of cadmium and tolerance of three annual cut flowers on Cd-contaminated soils. Bioresource Technology. 2008a;99:1006-1011.
Lal K, Minhas PS, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK. Cd uptake and tolerance of three aromatic grasses on the Cd-rich soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2008b;56:290-294.
Lombi E, Tearall KL, Howarth JR, Zhao FJ, Hawkesford MJ, McGrath SP. Influence of iron status on calcium and zinc uptake by different ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology. 2002;128:1359-1367.
Das I, Ghosh K, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation: A potential option to mitigate arsenic contamination in soilwater- plant system. Everymans Science. 2005;40:115-123.
Bhui AK, Pandey PK. Identification of Potential Phytoremediation Behaviour of Arsenic and Cadmium Tolerant Plants in Contaminated Sites of Central India; 2021.
Mahimairaja S, Shenbagavalli S, Naidu R. Remediation of chromium-contaminated soil due to tannery waste disposal: potential for phyto- and bioremediation. Pedologist. 2011;175-181.
Mandal A, Purakayastha TJ, Patra AK, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata l. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2012a;14:978-995.
Mandal A, Purakayastha TJ, Patra AK, Sanyal SK. Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata l. II. Effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2012b;14:621-628.
Dheri GS, Brar MS, Malhi SS. Comparative phytoremediation of chromium contaminated soils by Fenugreek, Spinach, and Raya. Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2007;38:1655-1672.
Axtell NR, Sternberg SPK, Claussen K. Lead and nickel removal using Microspora and Lemna minor. Bioresource Technology. 2003;89(1):41–48.
Mani D, Sharma B, Kumar C. Phytoaccumulation, interaction, toxicity and remediation of cadmium from Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2007;79:71-79.
McIntyre T. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/ Biotechnology. 2003;78:97-123.
Moreno DA, Víllora G, Soriano MT, Castilla N, Romero L. Sulfur, chromium, and selenium accumulated in Chinese cabbage under direct covers. Journal of Environmental Management. 2005;74(1):89–96.
Moreno-Jiménez E, Gamarra R, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Millán R, Peñalosa JM, Esteban E. Mercury bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity in two wild plant species of Almadén area. Chemosphere. 2006;63(11):1969–1973.
Rotkittikhun P, Chaiyarat R, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Baker AJM. Growth and lead accumulation by the grasses Vetiveria zizanioides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amended with pig manure and fertilizer: A glasshouse study. Chemosphere. 2007;66(1):45–53.
Sakthivel S, Mahimairajah S, Divakaran J, Saravanan K, Kookana R, Ramasamy K, Naidu R. Tannery effluent irrigation for tree plantations: Preliminary observation from field experiments. Proceedings of Workshop Towards Better Management of soils Contaminated with Tannery Waste, Coimbatore, India. 2000;174.
Murakami MN, Ae, Ishikawa S. Phytoextraction of cadmium by rice (Oryza sativa L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and maize (Zea mays L.). Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(1):96–103.
Naikoo MI, Kafeel U, Naushin F, Khan FA. Halophytes in India and their role in phytoremediation. Handbook of Halophytes: From Molecules to Ecosystems towards Biosaline Agriculture. 2020;1-21.
Ramasamy K. Tannery effluent related pollution on land and water ecosystems. Proceedings of Extended Abstracts from the International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, California, USA. 1997;771-772.
Skinner KN. Wright, Porter-Goff E. Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants. Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(1):234–237.
Del Río-Celestino M, Font R, Moreno-Rojas R, De Haro-Bailón A. Uptake of lead and zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Industrial Crops and Products. 2006;24(3):230–237.
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