OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING POTENT ANALGESIC ACTIVITY
Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences,
Page 148-158
Abstract
The present communication constitutes an updated review on analgesic activity of the various plants which are found in different areas of the world. This article will be useful to the people for their primary healthcare. Various medications including peripheral or centrally acting NSAID’s, morphine, and aspirin are used to treat pain sensation. However, at present NSAID’s and opiates are not much useful in all cases because of their low potency, presence of various side effects, and their drug dependence properties. Medicinal herbs are safe and secure route in the treatment of pain as they have potent analgesic activity. Various methods like the hot plate method, tail-flick method, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and tail immersion method in hot and cold water, formalin test are used to detect the analgesic activity of various plants using ethanol, methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and/or aqueous extracts of the entire plant or any particular part of the plant.
Keywords:
- Analgesic
- medicinal plants
- writhing test
- tail immersion
How to Cite
AFRID, S., AHMED, S. S., KUMAR, M. R., & GOWDA, S. K. (2021). OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING POTENT ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 6(1), 148-158. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/7079
References
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Shu YZ. Recent natural products based drug development: A pharmaceutical industry perspective. Journal of Natural Products. 1998;61(8):1053-71.
Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli A. Mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-gastropathy. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2001;33:S35-43.
Ahmadiani A, Fereidoni M, Semnanian S, Kamalinejad M, Saremi S. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Sambucus ebulus rhizome extract in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1998;61(3):229-35.
Almeida RN, Navarro DS, Barbosa-Filho JM. Plants with central analgesic activity. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(4):310-22.
Doosti F, Dashti S, Tabatabai SM, Hosseinzadeh H. Traditional Chinese and Indian medicine in the treatment of opioid-dependence: a review. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2013;3(3):205.
Anilkumar M. 10. Ethno medicinal plants as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Ethno medicine: A source of complementary therapeutics. 2010;267-93.
Patil VV, Patil VR, Ficus bengalensis linn.-an overview, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010;V1(2):1-11.
Value SJRI, Kumar SS, Marella SS, Vipin S, Sharmistha M. Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum International Journal of Drug Development & Research. Covered in Official Product of Elsevier , The Netherlands Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti; 2017.
Available:http://www.ijddr.in
Faujdar S, Sharma S, Sati B, Pathak AK, Paliwal SK. Comparative analysis of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of bark and leaves of Acacia ferruginea DC. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci [Internet]. 2016;5(1):70–8.
Alli LA, Nafiu MO, Adesokan AA, Akanji MA, Adeniyi Y, Salawu OA. Antipyretic and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root. Biokemistri. 2015;26(2): 55–62.
Chimica I, Farmaceutiche T, Farmacia F, Emanuele PV, Fisciano P. P Hytochemical and P Harmacological S Tudies on. 1996;34(4): 255–61.
Garcia MD, Puerta R, Martinez S, Saenz MT. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of Achillea ageratum. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Medical and Scientific Research on Plants and Plant Products. 1997;11(5):376-9.
Alam MA, Slahin N, Uddin R, Hasan SR, Akter R, Kamaluddin M, et al. Analgesic and Neuropharmacological Investigations of the Aerial Part of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Stamford J Pharm Sci. 1970;1(1):44–50.
Fu XY, Kang XL, Zhang BT, Jia X. Study on chemical components of Aconitum flavum and their inflammatory and analgesic effects. Zhong Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2013;36(5):747-51.
Ranjan S, Jadon VS, Sharma N, Singh K, Parcha V, Gupta S, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of leaf extract of Allium stracheyi. J Appl Sci Res. 2010;6(2):139–43.
Dahariya S, Prashanth N, Divakar K, Baadhe RR. Nano World Journal. 2020;11–3.
Ruppelt BM, Pereira EF, Gonçalves LC, Pereira NA. Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom--I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86(Suppl 2):203–5.
Adeyemi OO, Aigbe FR, Uyaiabasi NG. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous stem and leaf extract of Asystasia gangetica (Linn) T. Anderson. Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine. 2011; 21(2):129-34.
Nayak S, Sahai A, Singhai AK. Analgesic activity of the roots of Baliospormum montanum linn. Anc Sci Life. 2003;23(2):108–113.
Malairajan P, Geetha Gopalakrishnan, Narasimhan S, Jessi Kala Veni K. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 106(3):425–8.
Borikar VI, Jangde CR, Philip P, Rekhe DS. Study of antiulcer activity of Bauhinia racemosa lam in rats. Vet World. 2009; 2(6):217–8.
Shahid M, Rahim T, Shahzad A, Tajuddin, Latif A, Fatma T, et al. Ethnobotanical studies on Berberis aristata DC. root extracts. African J Biotechnol. 2009;8(4):556–63.
D V, Reddy J, D G, TV R. In vitro studies on anti asthmatic, analgesic and anti convulsant activities of the medicinal plant Bryonia laciniosa.Linn. Int J Drug Discov. 2010;2(2):1–10.
Das A, Dutta A, Razzaque S, Saha B, Gope PS, Choudhury N. Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Properties of the Latex of Calotropis Procera. Int J Pharm Biol Arch [Internet]. 2011; 2(1):521–5.
Available:www.ijpba.info
Jackson C, Mbagwu H, Jackson I, Ekpe G, Etienam F. Analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of the root of Carpolobia lutea. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(3): 367–70.
Lokendra singh. an an Study of Analgesic Activity of Haffner’S Tail Clip Method on Albino Wistar Rats of Some Polyherbal Formulation. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019; 12(9):142–4.
Neha S, Ranvir GD, Jangade CR. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of curcuma longa rhizome extracts in wister rats. Vet World. 2009;2(8):304–6.
Vijay P, Vijayvergia R. ISSN : 0975-5772 Analgesic , anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Cissus quadrangularis Material and method Plant Material Animals Anti-inflammatory. Sci Technol. 2010;2(2007):111–8.
Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Haloui E, Fenina N, Bouraoui A, Aouni M. Screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus colocynthis from southern Tunisia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):15– 9.
Alwashli A, Al-Sobarry M, Cherrah Y, Alaoui K. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ethanol extract of Dracaena cinnabari balf, as endemic plant in Yemen. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3(2):96–106.
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, Machado MIL, Matos FJA. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89(2–3):277–83.
Zulfiker AHM, Mahbubur Rahman MM, Kamal Hossain M, Hamid K, Mazumder MEH, Sohel Rana M. In vivo analgesic activity of ethanolic extracts of two medicinal plants - Scoparia dulcis L. And Ficus racemosa Linn. Biol Med. 2010;2(2):42–8.
Yadav S, Sharma V, Kulshreshtha M, Goswami M, Rao C V. Elucidation of analgesic and antipyretic activities of Ficus bengalensis linn. Leaves in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011; 1(1):38–41.
Joseph JM, Sowndhararajan K, Manian S. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Hedyotis puberula (G. Don) R. Br. ex Arn. in experimental animal models. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2010;48(7): 1876–80.
Vittalrao AM, Shanbhag T, Meena Kumari K, Bairy KL, Shenoy S. Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 55(1):13–24.
Amor EC, Quanico JP, Perez GG. Analgesic activity of extracts of Kyllinga monocephala. Pharm Biol. 2009; 47(7):624–7.
Islam M, Mannan M, Kabir M, Islam A, Olival K. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extracts of mango leaves. J Bangladesh Agric Univ. 1970; 8(2):239–44.
Miladiyah I. Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in mice. Universa medicina. 2011 Apr 23; 30(1):3-10.
Khan MD. Evaluation of Analgesic and Antipyretic activity of Marsilea trifolia Blanco. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2011;2(8):1–3.
Ankit S, Dhirender K, Khokra SL, Pawan K, Chetan S, Aneja KR. Evaluation of activities of Mitragyna parvifolia fruit extract. Journal of Natural Products (India). 2009;2:49-54.
Rakh MS, Chaudhari SR. Evaluation of analgesic activity of momordica dioica roxb. Wild fruit pulp. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 2010;1(9):53-6.
Kumar Podder M, Das BN, Saha A, Ahmed M. Analgesic activity of bark of Murraya paniculata. Int J Med Med Sci [Internet]. 2011;3(4):105–8.
Chakravarthi PV, Gopakumar N. Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) in Albino Rats. Veterinary World. 2009 Sep 1; 2(9).
Owoyele B, Olaleye S, Oke J, Elegbe R. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Nothospondias staudtii. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2005;19(1):102–5.
Charulata N, Gulecha V, Chavan N, Deshmukh T. Formulation and evaluation of Analgesic and Antiinflammatory activity of Nytcanthes arbour-tritis Gel. Indian Drugs. 2010 Aug; 47(8):66-8.
Sathisha A, Udupa L, Raathanakar UP, Pai PG, Acharya SD and Shastry R, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activity of Phyllanthus niruri in Rodent models. Indian Drugs, 46(12) December, 2009, 50-53.
Mittal V, Sharma SK, Kaushik D, Khatri M, Tomar K. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences.
Kumar BS, Lakshman K, Jayaveera KK, Shekar DS, Muragan CS, Manoj B. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn in different experimental models. Avicenna Journal of medical biotechnology. 2009;1(3):167.
Patel A, Patel T, Macwan C, Patel M, Chauhan K, Patel J. Evaluation of anti inflammatory and analgesic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia in rats. J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;2(12):809–13.
Verma A, Jana GK, Chakraborty R, Sen S, Sachan S, Mishra A. Analgesic Activity of Various Leaf Extracts of Saraca indica Linn. Der Pharm Lett. 2010;2(3):352–7.
Pandurangan A, Khosa RL, Hemalatha S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of root extract of Solanum trilobatum Linn. Iran J Pharm Res. 2008;7(3):217–21.
Nanda BK, Jena J, Rath B, Behera BR. Analgesic and antipyretic activity of whole parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2009;1(1):207-12.
Shahabadkar GS, Swamy P, Gaikwad DR, Muttagi S. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial effects of Sterculia foetida L. seed cake.
Bukhari IA, Khan RA, Gilani AU, Shah AJ, Hussain J, Ahmad VU. The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and calcium antagonist potential of Tanacetum artemisioides. Archives of Pharmacal research. 2007;30(3): 303-12.
Parveen Z, Deng Y, Saeed MK, Dai R, Ahamad W, Yu YH. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Thesium chinense Turcz extracts and its major flavonoids, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007;127(8):1275–9.
Prabhu VV, Nalini G, Chidambaranathan N, Kisan SS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of tridax procumbens Linn against formalin, acetic acid induced pain models. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(2):126-30.
Sabina EP, Chandel S, Rasool MK. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effect of Withaferin A. Int J Integr Biol. 2009; 6(2):52–6.
Hossain ML, Hossin A, Sarkar KK, Ahmad F, Hasan Zilani MN, Monjur-Al-Hossain ASM. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Xanthium indicum Koen. (family-compositae). Pharmacologyonline. 2013;2:68–75.
Shu YZ. Recent natural products based drug development: A pharmaceutical industry perspective. Journal of Natural Products. 1998;61(8):1053-71.
Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli A. Mechanism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-gastropathy. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2001;33:S35-43.
Ahmadiani A, Fereidoni M, Semnanian S, Kamalinejad M, Saremi S. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Sambucus ebulus rhizome extract in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1998;61(3):229-35.
Almeida RN, Navarro DS, Barbosa-Filho JM. Plants with central analgesic activity. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(4):310-22.
Doosti F, Dashti S, Tabatabai SM, Hosseinzadeh H. Traditional Chinese and Indian medicine in the treatment of opioid-dependence: a review. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2013;3(3):205.
Anilkumar M. 10. Ethno medicinal plants as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Ethno medicine: A source of complementary therapeutics. 2010;267-93.
Patil VV, Patil VR, Ficus bengalensis linn.-an overview, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010;V1(2):1-11.
Value SJRI, Kumar SS, Marella SS, Vipin S, Sharmistha M. Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory activity of Abutilon indicum International Journal of Drug Development & Research. Covered in Official Product of Elsevier , The Netherlands Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti; 2017.
Available:http://www.ijddr.in
Faujdar S, Sharma S, Sati B, Pathak AK, Paliwal SK. Comparative analysis of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of bark and leaves of Acacia ferruginea DC. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci [Internet]. 2016;5(1):70–8.
Alli LA, Nafiu MO, Adesokan AA, Akanji MA, Adeniyi Y, Salawu OA. Antipyretic and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root. Biokemistri. 2015;26(2): 55–62.
Chimica I, Farmaceutiche T, Farmacia F, Emanuele PV, Fisciano P. P Hytochemical and P Harmacological S Tudies on. 1996;34(4): 255–61.
Garcia MD, Puerta R, Martinez S, Saenz MT. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of Achillea ageratum. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Medical and Scientific Research on Plants and Plant Products. 1997;11(5):376-9.
Alam MA, Slahin N, Uddin R, Hasan SR, Akter R, Kamaluddin M, et al. Analgesic and Neuropharmacological Investigations of the Aerial Part of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Stamford J Pharm Sci. 1970;1(1):44–50.
Fu XY, Kang XL, Zhang BT, Jia X. Study on chemical components of Aconitum flavum and their inflammatory and analgesic effects. Zhong Journal of Chinese medicinal materials. 2013;36(5):747-51.
Ranjan S, Jadon VS, Sharma N, Singh K, Parcha V, Gupta S, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of leaf extract of Allium stracheyi. J Appl Sci Res. 2010;6(2):139–43.
Dahariya S, Prashanth N, Divakar K, Baadhe RR. Nano World Journal. 2020;11–3.
Ruppelt BM, Pereira EF, Gonçalves LC, Pereira NA. Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom--I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86(Suppl 2):203–5.
Adeyemi OO, Aigbe FR, Uyaiabasi NG. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous stem and leaf extract of Asystasia gangetica (Linn) T. Anderson. Nigerian quarterly journal of hospital medicine. 2011; 21(2):129-34.
Nayak S, Sahai A, Singhai AK. Analgesic activity of the roots of Baliospormum montanum linn. Anc Sci Life. 2003;23(2):108–113.
Malairajan P, Geetha Gopalakrishnan, Narasimhan S, Jessi Kala Veni K. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 106(3):425–8.
Borikar VI, Jangde CR, Philip P, Rekhe DS. Study of antiulcer activity of Bauhinia racemosa lam in rats. Vet World. 2009; 2(6):217–8.
Shahid M, Rahim T, Shahzad A, Tajuddin, Latif A, Fatma T, et al. Ethnobotanical studies on Berberis aristata DC. root extracts. African J Biotechnol. 2009;8(4):556–63.
D V, Reddy J, D G, TV R. In vitro studies on anti asthmatic, analgesic and anti convulsant activities of the medicinal plant Bryonia laciniosa.Linn. Int J Drug Discov. 2010;2(2):1–10.
Das A, Dutta A, Razzaque S, Saha B, Gope PS, Choudhury N. Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Properties of the Latex of Calotropis Procera. Int J Pharm Biol Arch [Internet]. 2011; 2(1):521–5.
Available:www.ijpba.info
Jackson C, Mbagwu H, Jackson I, Ekpe G, Etienam F. Analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of the root of Carpolobia lutea. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(3): 367–70.
Lokendra singh. an an Study of Analgesic Activity of Haffner’S Tail Clip Method on Albino Wistar Rats of Some Polyherbal Formulation. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019; 12(9):142–4.
Neha S, Ranvir GD, Jangade CR. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of curcuma longa rhizome extracts in wister rats. Vet World. 2009;2(8):304–6.
Vijay P, Vijayvergia R. ISSN : 0975-5772 Analgesic , anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of Cissus quadrangularis Material and method Plant Material Animals Anti-inflammatory. Sci Technol. 2010;2(2007):111–8.
Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Haloui E, Fenina N, Bouraoui A, Aouni M. Screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus colocynthis from southern Tunisia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):15– 9.
Alwashli A, Al-Sobarry M, Cherrah Y, Alaoui K. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ethanol extract of Dracaena cinnabari balf, as endemic plant in Yemen. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2012;3(2):96–106.
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, Machado MIL, Matos FJA. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89(2–3):277–83.
Zulfiker AHM, Mahbubur Rahman MM, Kamal Hossain M, Hamid K, Mazumder MEH, Sohel Rana M. In vivo analgesic activity of ethanolic extracts of two medicinal plants - Scoparia dulcis L. And Ficus racemosa Linn. Biol Med. 2010;2(2):42–8.
Yadav S, Sharma V, Kulshreshtha M, Goswami M, Rao C V. Elucidation of analgesic and antipyretic activities of Ficus bengalensis linn. Leaves in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011; 1(1):38–41.
Joseph JM, Sowndhararajan K, Manian S. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Hedyotis puberula (G. Don) R. Br. ex Arn. in experimental animal models. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2010;48(7): 1876–80.
Vittalrao AM, Shanbhag T, Meena Kumari K, Bairy KL, Shenoy S. Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 55(1):13–24.
Amor EC, Quanico JP, Perez GG. Analgesic activity of extracts of Kyllinga monocephala. Pharm Biol. 2009; 47(7):624–7.
Islam M, Mannan M, Kabir M, Islam A, Olival K. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of ethanol extracts of mango leaves. J Bangladesh Agric Univ. 1970; 8(2):239–44.
Miladiyah I. Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves in mice. Universa medicina. 2011 Apr 23; 30(1):3-10.
Khan MD. Evaluation of Analgesic and Antipyretic activity of Marsilea trifolia Blanco. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2011;2(8):1–3.
Ankit S, Dhirender K, Khokra SL, Pawan K, Chetan S, Aneja KR. Evaluation of activities of Mitragyna parvifolia fruit extract. Journal of Natural Products (India). 2009;2:49-54.
Rakh MS, Chaudhari SR. Evaluation of analgesic activity of momordica dioica roxb. Wild fruit pulp. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 2010;1(9):53-6.
Kumar Podder M, Das BN, Saha A, Ahmed M. Analgesic activity of bark of Murraya paniculata. Int J Med Med Sci [Internet]. 2011;3(4):105–8.
Chakravarthi PV, Gopakumar N. Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera) in Albino Rats. Veterinary World. 2009 Sep 1; 2(9).
Owoyele B, Olaleye S, Oke J, Elegbe R. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Nothospondias staudtii. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2005;19(1):102–5.
Charulata N, Gulecha V, Chavan N, Deshmukh T. Formulation and evaluation of Analgesic and Antiinflammatory activity of Nytcanthes arbour-tritis Gel. Indian Drugs. 2010 Aug; 47(8):66-8.
Sathisha A, Udupa L, Raathanakar UP, Pai PG, Acharya SD and Shastry R, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activity of Phyllanthus niruri in Rodent models. Indian Drugs, 46(12) December, 2009, 50-53.
Mittal V, Sharma SK, Kaushik D, Khatri M, Tomar K. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences.
Kumar BS, Lakshman K, Jayaveera KK, Shekar DS, Muragan CS, Manoj B. Antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of Amaranthus viridis Linn in different experimental models. Avicenna Journal of medical biotechnology. 2009;1(3):167.
Patel A, Patel T, Macwan C, Patel M, Chauhan K, Patel J. Evaluation of anti inflammatory and analgesic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia in rats. J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;2(12):809–13.
Verma A, Jana GK, Chakraborty R, Sen S, Sachan S, Mishra A. Analgesic Activity of Various Leaf Extracts of Saraca indica Linn. Der Pharm Lett. 2010;2(3):352–7.
Pandurangan A, Khosa RL, Hemalatha S. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of root extract of Solanum trilobatum Linn. Iran J Pharm Res. 2008;7(3):217–21.
Nanda BK, Jena J, Rath B, Behera BR. Analgesic and antipyretic activity of whole parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2009;1(1):207-12.
Shahabadkar GS, Swamy P, Gaikwad DR, Muttagi S. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial effects of Sterculia foetida L. seed cake.
Bukhari IA, Khan RA, Gilani AU, Shah AJ, Hussain J, Ahmad VU. The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and calcium antagonist potential of Tanacetum artemisioides. Archives of Pharmacal research. 2007;30(3): 303-12.
Parveen Z, Deng Y, Saeed MK, Dai R, Ahamad W, Yu YH. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of Thesium chinense Turcz extracts and its major flavonoids, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007;127(8):1275–9.
Prabhu VV, Nalini G, Chidambaranathan N, Kisan SS. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of tridax procumbens Linn against formalin, acetic acid induced pain models. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(2):126-30.
Sabina EP, Chandel S, Rasool MK. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effect of Withaferin A. Int J Integr Biol. 2009; 6(2):52–6.
Hossain ML, Hossin A, Sarkar KK, Ahmad F, Hasan Zilani MN, Monjur-Al-Hossain ASM. Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Xanthium indicum Koen. (family-compositae). Pharmacologyonline. 2013;2:68–75.
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