Hydrocarbon Extraction in the Niger Delta: Reasons for the Acute Environmental Pollution
Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science,
Page 10-24
DOI:
10.56557/jogress/2023/v17i28122
Abstract
The Niger Delta has remained the epicentre of Nigeria’s hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activities for over six decades. During this period, operations of the oil companies have adversely impacted the environment. This is because the oil companies operations have involved unabated oil spillages and massive gas flaring. However, all these have occurred despite the existence of plethora of laws that are aimed to prevent hydrocarbon activities from impacting the environment adversely. It would seem that since oil revenues constitute the live wire of the State, its only concern is revenue generation; the cost to the environment notwithstanding. As such, the philosophy underlying hydrocarbon extraction in the Niger Delta appears based on maximum profit at minimum cost. Hydrocarbon operations are not without some pitfalls; however, the paper argues that the acute impact of oil operations on Niger Delta environment was State-created. It contends that the situation was due to the State’s sole reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund its budget. It argues further that the situation was compounded by the near insolvent position of the State oil company NNPC; in comparison to the oil multinationals, its joint ventures partners. As a result, hydrocarbon operations have acutely impacted the region’s flora and fauna.
Keywords:
- Hydrocarbon extraction
- Niger Delta
- acute environmental pollution
How to Cite
Crosdel, O. E., & Okeoghene, A. E. (2023). Hydrocarbon Extraction in the Niger Delta: Reasons for the Acute Environmental Pollution. Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science, 17(2), 10-24. https://doi.org/10.56557/jogress/2023/v17i28122
References
Adeyemo AM. The oil industry ExtraMinisterial institutions and sustainable agricultural development: A case study of Okrika L.G.A. of Rivers State. In: Nigeria. Journal of Oil and Politics. 2002;2(1).
Adewale OO, Mustapha U. The impact of gas flaring in Nigeria. International Journal of Science. Technol Soc. 2015;3(2):40-50.
Aekplakorn W, Loomis D, Vichit-Vadakan N, Shy C, Wongtim S, Vitayanon P. Acute effect of sulphur dioxide from a power plant on pulmonary function of children, Thailand. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(5):854-61. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyg237
Akinyele RT. Institutional approach to the environmental problems of the Niger Delta. In: Osuntokun A, editor. Current issues in Nigerian Environment. Ibadan: Davidson Press. 1998;76-91.
Amuzegar J. Managing the oil wealth. London: Taurus; 1999.
Beblawi H, Luciani G, editors. Nation, state and integration in the Arab world; 1987.
Benka-Coker MO, Ekundayo JA. Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a spill site in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 1995;36(2):93-104.
Boney AD. Phytoplankton. London, UK: Edward Arnold. 1983;347.
Birsdall N, Subramanian A. Saving Iraq from its oil. Foreign Aff. 2004;77-89.
Cedigaz. Central Bank of Nigeria. (2004), Statistical Bulletin 15; 2000. Available from: http://www.cedigaz.org.
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Stat Bull. 2004;15.
Davis J, Osowski R, Fedelino A. Fiscal policy formulation and implementation in oil-producing countries. Washington, DC: International Myeloma Foundation; 2003.
Dike KO. Trade and politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1835; an introduction to the economic and political history of Nigeria. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendo Press; 1956.
Edema NE, Obadoni BO, Erheni H, Osakwuni UE. Eco-phytochemical studies of plants in a crude oil polluted terrestrial habitat located at Iwhrekan, Ughelli north local government area of delta state. Nat Sci. 2009;7:49-52.
Egberongbe FO. A. Peter C. Nwilo and Badejo OT. Oil spill disaster monitoring along Nigerian coastline. A Paper Presented at Disaster Preparedness and Management Conference, Shaping the Change. Munich, Germany: October 8-13, TS16; 2006.
Egborge ABM. Government, oil companies, the peoples and the Niger-Delta environment. 4th Convocation Lecture of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. 2000;106.
Ekanem IN. Effects of Gas Flaring on the Soil, Air and Water Quality of Obigbo North. Centre for Env. and Science Education. Lagos State University. 2001; 153.
Emuedo CO, Anoliefo GO, Emuedo OA. The environment, poverty and insecurity nexus: A perspective on the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: Chokor BA, Ozo A, editors. The environment and society in Nigeria. Environmental and Behavioural Association of Nigeria (EBAN), University of Lagos. 2007;195-234.
Emuedo CO. Oil, the Nigerian State and human security in the Niger Delta [Ph D thesis]. Nigeria: University of Benin; 2010.
Emuedo CO. National, human security and the environment nexus: A conceptual analysis. Multidiscip J Res Dev Perspect. 2012;1(1):160-74.
Emuedo OA. Physicochemical and microbial diversity in oil impacted mangrove ecosystem: implications for environmental sustainability in the Niger Delta [Ph D Thesis]. Nigeria: University of Benin; 2013.
Emuedo AO, Anoliefo GO, Emuedo CO. Impact of Oil Pollution on the heavy metal Content of the Mangrove Ecosystem in some States of the Niger Delta. Niger J Life Sci. 2012;2(1): 21-8.
Emuedo C, Abam M. Oil, land alienation and impoverishment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Eur J Res Soc Sci. 2015;3(2):8-23.
Emuedo CO, Abam M, Oligbi B. Environmental insecurity and erosion of women socio-economic status in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Soc Sci. 2017;6(9): 16-28.
Emuedo CO, Emuedo OA. Oil activities, the environment and health insecurity concerns in the Niger Delta. Int Pol. 2019; 1(4):40-54.
EIA (Energy Information Administration). Country Analysis briefs-Nigeria; 2004. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ cabs/Nigeria/pdf.pdf
Ezigbo O. FG to clean up 2,405 oil spill sites in N/delta. This Day [cited Mar 24]. Available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/201003240452.html; 2010a
Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigerian Conservation Foundation. CEESP-IUCN Commission on environmental, economic, and social. Policy, May. 2006:31.
Forrest T. Politics and economic development in Nigeria. Boulder: Westview Press; 1995.
Francis P, LaPin D, Rossiasco P. Securing development and peace in the Niger Delta: A social and conflict analysis for change. A Study prepared for publication by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Africa Program and Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity; 2011.
Frynas JG. The oil boom in Equitorial guinea. Afr Aff. 2004;103(413):527-46.
Gerth J, Labaton L. Shell withheld reserves data aid Nigeria. New York Times; 2004.
Global Witness. All the president’s men. Washington, DC: Global Witness; 2003.
Hodges T. Angola: from afro-Stalinism to petro-diamond capitalism. Oxford: James Currey Publishers; 2001.
Ibhade A. We Can’t Stop Gas Flaring by 2004. Nigeria: Shell Petroleum Dev. Corp; 2001. Available: All.africa.com.
International Crisis Group (ICG). Scramble for the Congo. Brussels: IGC; 2000.
International Crisis Group (ICG). ”Nigeria: Want in the Midst of Plenty”, ICG Africa Report. 2006; 113.
Ifeadi CN, Nwankwo JN. Environmental issues and management in Nigerian development. Case studies on theEnvironmental impact of oil production and marketing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Evans Nigeria Plc; 1987.
Ikein A. The impact of oil on a developing country. New York: Praeger; 1990.
Jekel JF, Katz DL, Elmore JG, Wild DM. Introduction to preventive medicine. In: Epidemiology, biostatistics and preventive medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders. 2007;225.
Karl T. The paradox of plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1997.
Kapucinski R. The shah of shahs. New Yorker. Harper; 1982.
Karl LT, Gary I. Bottom of the barrel: Africa’s oil boom and the poor. Catholic Relief Services; 2003. Available:http://www.crs.org/get_involved/advocay/policy_and_strategic_issues/oil_report_one.cfm.
Kashi E, Watts M, editors. Curse of the Black gold: 50 years of oil in the Niger Delta. Powerhouse Books; 2008.
Khan SA. Nigeria: the political economy of oil. London: Oxford University Press; 1994.
Kim JH, Lim DH, Kim JK, Jeong SJ, Son BK. Effects of particulate matter (PM10) on the pulmonary function of middle-school children. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(1):42-5.
Kingdom J. Island Africa. New York: Academic Press; 1990.
Klett TR, Ahlbrandt TS, Schmoker JW, Dolton JL. Ranking of the world’s oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes. Open: United States Geological Survey.-File report-97-463; 1997.
Kuru A. The rentier state model and Central Asian studies: the Turkmen case. Altern Turk J Int Relat. 2002;1(1).
Lewis P. Nigeria’s deadly oil war: shell defends its record. N Y Times Int. 13. 1996;February.
Moffat D, Linden O. Perception and reality assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger Delta. J Hum Environ. 1995;24(7-8):327- 538.
Nassiter A. Far from Gulf, a spill scourge five decades old. New York Times [cited Jun 16, 2010]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html; 2010
NDES, (Niger Delta Environmental Survey). Report Environmental and Socio-Economic Characteristics Phase 1 Report Submitted by the Environmental Resources Managers Ltd. 1997;1.
NNPC (Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation). Annual. Stat Bull; 1997.
NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation). Monthly petroleum information (MPI), September; 2009. Available:http://www.nnpcgroup.com/Portals/0/NNPC.../2009/57.September%20%20highlights.pdf.
NDES. Phase 1 report. Niger Delta Environ Surv. 1997;1.
Newsblog. An end to Nigeria’s gas flaring; 2009. Newsblog [cited May 21, 2009] [cited Jan 9, 2012]. Available:http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/05/an_end_to_nigerian_gas_flares_1.html
Nitzan J, Bichler S. The global political economy of Israel. London: Zed Book Company; 1999.
NOSDRA (National Oil Spill Detection Agency). Total number of oil spills recorded from 2015 to March 2021. Town Hall meeting in Abuja, organised by the Ministry of Information and Culture, on protecting oil and gas infrastructure; 2021.
NRC, (National Research Council). Oil in the Sea 3: inputs, fates, and effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2003.
Obajimi MO. Air pollution – A threat to healthy living in Nigerian rural towns. In: Osuntokun A, editor. Current issues in Nigerian environment. Vol.. Ibadan: Davidson Press. 1998; 84:133-47.
Obi C. The changing forms of identity politics in Nigeria. Uppsala: Africa Institute; 2001.
Odilison K. Issues in the purification of Rainwater from Oil Exploration area. Ecol Environ. 1999;5(3):204-15.
Odjugo PAO. Some effects of gas flaring on the microclimate of yam and cassava production in Erhorike and environs. Delta State, Nigeria. Niger Geogr J. 2007;5(1):43-54. 111.
Odjugo PAO. The impact of natural gas flaring on micro climate on yield of Egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus) in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Centre for Population and Development (CPED) Policy Paper Series No. 2. 2010;1-15.
OGJ. Oil and gas [Journal]. 2005 cited in Egberongbe Fatai, Nwilo P, Badejo O. Oil spill disaster monitoring along Nigerian coastline. Munich, Germany: Disaster Preparedness and Management. 2006; TS16.
OGJ. Production, reserves up for most Ogj100 firms in 2014, 103. Oil Gas J. 2015;35.
Okoko KAB, Ibaba IS. Oil spillages and community disturbances: the SPDC and the Niger Delta experience. J Oil Pol. 1999;2:6-69.
Oniero SBR, Aboribo I 2001. Environmental pollution: The hidden hand of death in Warri milieu. A paper presented at a Conference organised by Economic Department, Delta State University Abraka; 2001.
Opukri CO, Etekpe A. Conflict management and strategies for peace building in the Niger Delta. Paper presented at the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, at the Niger Delta University, March 12; 2008.
Ordinioha B, Sawyer W. Food insecurity, malnutrition and crude oil spillage in a rural community in Bayelsa State, south-south Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2008;17(3):304-9.
Orubu CO, Ogisi DO, Okoh RN. Economy and the Niger-Delta Environment, pp. Industry: Petroleum Communications; 2002. p. 211.
Osam MU, Wegwu MO, Uwakwe AA. The Omoku old pipeline oil spill: total hydrocarbon content of affected soils and the impact on the nutritive value of food crops. Arch Appl Sci Res. 2011;3: 514-21.
Osuji LC. Some environmental hazards of oil pollution in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr J Interdiscip Stud. 2002;3(1):11-7.
Osuji LC, Nwoye I. An appraisal of the impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on soil fertility: the Owaza experience. Afr J Agric Res. 2007;2:318-24.
Otukunefor TV, Biukwu CO. Impact of Refinery Influent on Physico-chemical Properties of a Water body on the Niger Delta. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2005;3(1):61-72.
Ovuakporaye SI, Aloamaka CP, Ojieh AE, Ejebe E, Mordi JC. Effect of gas flaring on lung function among residents in gas flaring community in Delta State, Nigeria. Res J Environ Earth Sci. 2012;4:525-8.
Parra F. The politics of oil. London: Taurus; 2004.
Roberts FN. Environment and livelihoods in the Niger-delta. In: Kayode F, Amadi S, Bamidele O, editors. Towards an integrated development in the Niger-Delta, Lagos. Center for Drug Discovery. 2005; 77-156.
Robinson JA, Torvik R, Verdier T. Political foundations of the resource curse. J Dev Econ. 2006;79(2):447-68.
Rose, N. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. See Chapter. 1 on ’governing’; 1999.
Ross M. Nigeria’s Oil Sector and the poor. A Paper Prepared for the UK Department for International Development “Nigeria: Drivers of Change” program. The views expressed in this report are the author’s, and may not reflect the views of DFID or the British government; 2003.
RWI (Revenue Watch Institute). The big survey results – RWI watch index; 2010.
Salau DA. Environmental crisis and development in Nigeria, No. 13. University of Port Harcourt Inaugural Lecture series; 1993.
Shima M, Nitta Y, Ando M, Adachi M. Effects of air pollution on the prevalence and incidence of asthma in children. Arch Environ Health. 2002;57(6):529-35.
SPDC. Overview of SPDC operations in Nigeria. paper presented at SPDC Oil Seminar for Academics, November 5-6. Shell Petroleum Development Company. Port Harcourt, Nigeria; 2008.
Twumasi YA, Merem EC. GIS and remote sensing applications in the assessment of change within a coastal environment in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2006;3(1):98-106.
USEIA. Energy Information Administration. Nigeria: Country Analysis Brief; 2005.
USEIA (Nigiera. US Energy Information Administrtion). Country Analysis; 2014. Available:http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data. cfm?fips=ni
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Niger Delta human development report. Abuja; 2006.
USEIA (Nigiera. US Energy Information Administrtion). Country Analysis; 2014. Available:http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ni.
Van der Linde C. The State and the International Oil market. Dordrehct: Kluwer; 2000.
Watts M. Economies of violence: governable and ungovernable spaces in an oil nation [Nigeria]. A Paper delivered to the Comparative Politics Workshop, University of Chicago, November 18; 2003.
Watts M. The rule of oil: petro-politics and the anatomy of an insurgency. Journal of African Development. 2009;11(2): 27-56.
Watts M. Sweet and sour. In: Watts M, Kashi E, editors. Curse of the Black gold: 50 years of oil in the Niger Delta. Powerhouse Books. 2008;37-63.
Wikipedia. Issues in Nigeria/Niger delta; Wikipedia; 2007. Available:http://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Environmental.
Willink H, Hadow GM, Shearer P, JB. Nigeria: report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the fears of Minorities and the Means of Allaying Them. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Colonies by Command of Her Majesty. July. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1958.
Wurthmann G. Ways of using the African oil boom for sustainable development. African Development Bank, economic research working paper series. No. 84, March; 2006.
Yates D. The rentier state in Africa: oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in the republic of Gabon. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press; 1996.
Adewale OO, Mustapha U. The impact of gas flaring in Nigeria. International Journal of Science. Technol Soc. 2015;3(2):40-50.
Aekplakorn W, Loomis D, Vichit-Vadakan N, Shy C, Wongtim S, Vitayanon P. Acute effect of sulphur dioxide from a power plant on pulmonary function of children, Thailand. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(5):854-61. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyg237
Akinyele RT. Institutional approach to the environmental problems of the Niger Delta. In: Osuntokun A, editor. Current issues in Nigerian Environment. Ibadan: Davidson Press. 1998;76-91.
Amuzegar J. Managing the oil wealth. London: Taurus; 1999.
Beblawi H, Luciani G, editors. Nation, state and integration in the Arab world; 1987.
Benka-Coker MO, Ekundayo JA. Effects of an oil spill on soil physico-chemical properties of a spill site in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess. 1995;36(2):93-104.
Boney AD. Phytoplankton. London, UK: Edward Arnold. 1983;347.
Birsdall N, Subramanian A. Saving Iraq from its oil. Foreign Aff. 2004;77-89.
Cedigaz. Central Bank of Nigeria. (2004), Statistical Bulletin 15; 2000. Available from: http://www.cedigaz.org.
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Stat Bull. 2004;15.
Davis J, Osowski R, Fedelino A. Fiscal policy formulation and implementation in oil-producing countries. Washington, DC: International Myeloma Foundation; 2003.
Dike KO. Trade and politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1835; an introduction to the economic and political history of Nigeria. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendo Press; 1956.
Edema NE, Obadoni BO, Erheni H, Osakwuni UE. Eco-phytochemical studies of plants in a crude oil polluted terrestrial habitat located at Iwhrekan, Ughelli north local government area of delta state. Nat Sci. 2009;7:49-52.
Egberongbe FO. A. Peter C. Nwilo and Badejo OT. Oil spill disaster monitoring along Nigerian coastline. A Paper Presented at Disaster Preparedness and Management Conference, Shaping the Change. Munich, Germany: October 8-13, TS16; 2006.
Egborge ABM. Government, oil companies, the peoples and the Niger-Delta environment. 4th Convocation Lecture of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. 2000;106.
Ekanem IN. Effects of Gas Flaring on the Soil, Air and Water Quality of Obigbo North. Centre for Env. and Science Education. Lagos State University. 2001; 153.
Emuedo CO, Anoliefo GO, Emuedo OA. The environment, poverty and insecurity nexus: A perspective on the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: Chokor BA, Ozo A, editors. The environment and society in Nigeria. Environmental and Behavioural Association of Nigeria (EBAN), University of Lagos. 2007;195-234.
Emuedo CO. Oil, the Nigerian State and human security in the Niger Delta [Ph D thesis]. Nigeria: University of Benin; 2010.
Emuedo CO. National, human security and the environment nexus: A conceptual analysis. Multidiscip J Res Dev Perspect. 2012;1(1):160-74.
Emuedo OA. Physicochemical and microbial diversity in oil impacted mangrove ecosystem: implications for environmental sustainability in the Niger Delta [Ph D Thesis]. Nigeria: University of Benin; 2013.
Emuedo AO, Anoliefo GO, Emuedo CO. Impact of Oil Pollution on the heavy metal Content of the Mangrove Ecosystem in some States of the Niger Delta. Niger J Life Sci. 2012;2(1): 21-8.
Emuedo C, Abam M. Oil, land alienation and impoverishment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Eur J Res Soc Sci. 2015;3(2):8-23.
Emuedo CO, Abam M, Oligbi B. Environmental insecurity and erosion of women socio-economic status in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Soc Sci. 2017;6(9): 16-28.
Emuedo CO, Emuedo OA. Oil activities, the environment and health insecurity concerns in the Niger Delta. Int Pol. 2019; 1(4):40-54.
EIA (Energy Information Administration). Country Analysis briefs-Nigeria; 2004. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ cabs/Nigeria/pdf.pdf
Ezigbo O. FG to clean up 2,405 oil spill sites in N/delta. This Day [cited Mar 24]. Available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/201003240452.html; 2010a
Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigerian Conservation Foundation. CEESP-IUCN Commission on environmental, economic, and social. Policy, May. 2006:31.
Forrest T. Politics and economic development in Nigeria. Boulder: Westview Press; 1995.
Francis P, LaPin D, Rossiasco P. Securing development and peace in the Niger Delta: A social and conflict analysis for change. A Study prepared for publication by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Africa Program and Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity; 2011.
Frynas JG. The oil boom in Equitorial guinea. Afr Aff. 2004;103(413):527-46.
Gerth J, Labaton L. Shell withheld reserves data aid Nigeria. New York Times; 2004.
Global Witness. All the president’s men. Washington, DC: Global Witness; 2003.
Hodges T. Angola: from afro-Stalinism to petro-diamond capitalism. Oxford: James Currey Publishers; 2001.
Ibhade A. We Can’t Stop Gas Flaring by 2004. Nigeria: Shell Petroleum Dev. Corp; 2001. Available: All.africa.com.
International Crisis Group (ICG). Scramble for the Congo. Brussels: IGC; 2000.
International Crisis Group (ICG). ”Nigeria: Want in the Midst of Plenty”, ICG Africa Report. 2006; 113.
Ifeadi CN, Nwankwo JN. Environmental issues and management in Nigerian development. Case studies on theEnvironmental impact of oil production and marketing in Nigeria. Ibadan: Evans Nigeria Plc; 1987.
Ikein A. The impact of oil on a developing country. New York: Praeger; 1990.
Jekel JF, Katz DL, Elmore JG, Wild DM. Introduction to preventive medicine. In: Epidemiology, biostatistics and preventive medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders. 2007;225.
Karl T. The paradox of plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1997.
Kapucinski R. The shah of shahs. New Yorker. Harper; 1982.
Karl LT, Gary I. Bottom of the barrel: Africa’s oil boom and the poor. Catholic Relief Services; 2003. Available:http://www.crs.org/get_involved/advocay/policy_and_strategic_issues/oil_report_one.cfm.
Kashi E, Watts M, editors. Curse of the Black gold: 50 years of oil in the Niger Delta. Powerhouse Books; 2008.
Khan SA. Nigeria: the political economy of oil. London: Oxford University Press; 1994.
Kim JH, Lim DH, Kim JK, Jeong SJ, Son BK. Effects of particulate matter (PM10) on the pulmonary function of middle-school children. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(1):42-5.
Kingdom J. Island Africa. New York: Academic Press; 1990.
Klett TR, Ahlbrandt TS, Schmoker JW, Dolton JL. Ranking of the world’s oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes. Open: United States Geological Survey.-File report-97-463; 1997.
Kuru A. The rentier state model and Central Asian studies: the Turkmen case. Altern Turk J Int Relat. 2002;1(1).
Lewis P. Nigeria’s deadly oil war: shell defends its record. N Y Times Int. 13. 1996;February.
Moffat D, Linden O. Perception and reality assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger Delta. J Hum Environ. 1995;24(7-8):327- 538.
Nassiter A. Far from Gulf, a spill scourge five decades old. New York Times [cited Jun 16, 2010]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html; 2010
NDES, (Niger Delta Environmental Survey). Report Environmental and Socio-Economic Characteristics Phase 1 Report Submitted by the Environmental Resources Managers Ltd. 1997;1.
NNPC (Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation). Annual. Stat Bull; 1997.
NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation). Monthly petroleum information (MPI), September; 2009. Available:http://www.nnpcgroup.com/Portals/0/NNPC.../2009/57.September%20%20highlights.pdf.
NDES. Phase 1 report. Niger Delta Environ Surv. 1997;1.
Newsblog. An end to Nigeria’s gas flaring; 2009. Newsblog [cited May 21, 2009] [cited Jan 9, 2012]. Available:http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/05/an_end_to_nigerian_gas_flares_1.html
Nitzan J, Bichler S. The global political economy of Israel. London: Zed Book Company; 1999.
NOSDRA (National Oil Spill Detection Agency). Total number of oil spills recorded from 2015 to March 2021. Town Hall meeting in Abuja, organised by the Ministry of Information and Culture, on protecting oil and gas infrastructure; 2021.
NRC, (National Research Council). Oil in the Sea 3: inputs, fates, and effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2003.
Obajimi MO. Air pollution – A threat to healthy living in Nigerian rural towns. In: Osuntokun A, editor. Current issues in Nigerian environment. Vol.. Ibadan: Davidson Press. 1998; 84:133-47.
Obi C. The changing forms of identity politics in Nigeria. Uppsala: Africa Institute; 2001.
Odilison K. Issues in the purification of Rainwater from Oil Exploration area. Ecol Environ. 1999;5(3):204-15.
Odjugo PAO. Some effects of gas flaring on the microclimate of yam and cassava production in Erhorike and environs. Delta State, Nigeria. Niger Geogr J. 2007;5(1):43-54. 111.
Odjugo PAO. The impact of natural gas flaring on micro climate on yield of Egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus) in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Centre for Population and Development (CPED) Policy Paper Series No. 2. 2010;1-15.
OGJ. Oil and gas [Journal]. 2005 cited in Egberongbe Fatai, Nwilo P, Badejo O. Oil spill disaster monitoring along Nigerian coastline. Munich, Germany: Disaster Preparedness and Management. 2006; TS16.
OGJ. Production, reserves up for most Ogj100 firms in 2014, 103. Oil Gas J. 2015;35.
Okoko KAB, Ibaba IS. Oil spillages and community disturbances: the SPDC and the Niger Delta experience. J Oil Pol. 1999;2:6-69.
Oniero SBR, Aboribo I 2001. Environmental pollution: The hidden hand of death in Warri milieu. A paper presented at a Conference organised by Economic Department, Delta State University Abraka; 2001.
Opukri CO, Etekpe A. Conflict management and strategies for peace building in the Niger Delta. Paper presented at the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, at the Niger Delta University, March 12; 2008.
Ordinioha B, Sawyer W. Food insecurity, malnutrition and crude oil spillage in a rural community in Bayelsa State, south-south Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2008;17(3):304-9.
Orubu CO, Ogisi DO, Okoh RN. Economy and the Niger-Delta Environment, pp. Industry: Petroleum Communications; 2002. p. 211.
Osam MU, Wegwu MO, Uwakwe AA. The Omoku old pipeline oil spill: total hydrocarbon content of affected soils and the impact on the nutritive value of food crops. Arch Appl Sci Res. 2011;3: 514-21.
Osuji LC. Some environmental hazards of oil pollution in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Afr J Interdiscip Stud. 2002;3(1):11-7.
Osuji LC, Nwoye I. An appraisal of the impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on soil fertility: the Owaza experience. Afr J Agric Res. 2007;2:318-24.
Otukunefor TV, Biukwu CO. Impact of Refinery Influent on Physico-chemical Properties of a Water body on the Niger Delta. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2005;3(1):61-72.
Ovuakporaye SI, Aloamaka CP, Ojieh AE, Ejebe E, Mordi JC. Effect of gas flaring on lung function among residents in gas flaring community in Delta State, Nigeria. Res J Environ Earth Sci. 2012;4:525-8.
Parra F. The politics of oil. London: Taurus; 2004.
Roberts FN. Environment and livelihoods in the Niger-delta. In: Kayode F, Amadi S, Bamidele O, editors. Towards an integrated development in the Niger-Delta, Lagos. Center for Drug Discovery. 2005; 77-156.
Robinson JA, Torvik R, Verdier T. Political foundations of the resource curse. J Dev Econ. 2006;79(2):447-68.
Rose, N. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. See Chapter. 1 on ’governing’; 1999.
Ross M. Nigeria’s Oil Sector and the poor. A Paper Prepared for the UK Department for International Development “Nigeria: Drivers of Change” program. The views expressed in this report are the author’s, and may not reflect the views of DFID or the British government; 2003.
RWI (Revenue Watch Institute). The big survey results – RWI watch index; 2010.
Salau DA. Environmental crisis and development in Nigeria, No. 13. University of Port Harcourt Inaugural Lecture series; 1993.
Shima M, Nitta Y, Ando M, Adachi M. Effects of air pollution on the prevalence and incidence of asthma in children. Arch Environ Health. 2002;57(6):529-35.
SPDC. Overview of SPDC operations in Nigeria. paper presented at SPDC Oil Seminar for Academics, November 5-6. Shell Petroleum Development Company. Port Harcourt, Nigeria; 2008.
Twumasi YA, Merem EC. GIS and remote sensing applications in the assessment of change within a coastal environment in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2006;3(1):98-106.
USEIA. Energy Information Administration. Nigeria: Country Analysis Brief; 2005.
USEIA (Nigiera. US Energy Information Administrtion). Country Analysis; 2014. Available:http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data. cfm?fips=ni
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Niger Delta human development report. Abuja; 2006.
USEIA (Nigiera. US Energy Information Administrtion). Country Analysis; 2014. Available:http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=ni.
Van der Linde C. The State and the International Oil market. Dordrehct: Kluwer; 2000.
Watts M. Economies of violence: governable and ungovernable spaces in an oil nation [Nigeria]. A Paper delivered to the Comparative Politics Workshop, University of Chicago, November 18; 2003.
Watts M. The rule of oil: petro-politics and the anatomy of an insurgency. Journal of African Development. 2009;11(2): 27-56.
Watts M. Sweet and sour. In: Watts M, Kashi E, editors. Curse of the Black gold: 50 years of oil in the Niger Delta. Powerhouse Books. 2008;37-63.
Wikipedia. Issues in Nigeria/Niger delta; Wikipedia; 2007. Available:http://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Environmental.
Willink H, Hadow GM, Shearer P, JB. Nigeria: report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the fears of Minorities and the Means of Allaying Them. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Colonies by Command of Her Majesty. July. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1958.
Wurthmann G. Ways of using the African oil boom for sustainable development. African Development Bank, economic research working paper series. No. 84, March; 2006.
Yates D. The rentier state in Africa: oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in the republic of Gabon. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press; 1996.
-
Abstract View: 27 times
PDF Download: 4 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Subscription
Login to access subscriber-only resources.
Information