EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES TO CONTROL SOIL AND CORM-BORNE DISEASE OF SAFFRON (Crocus sativus L.) GROWN IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN
PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Volume 23, Issue 27-28,
Page 19-30
Abstract
To check the efficacy of different fungicides to control soil and corm borne disease of saffron (Crocus sativus) by conducting experiment at Balochistan Agriculture Research and Development Center (BARDC) Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan during the year 2019-2020. The corms were treated with one of the following fungicides; Copper Oxychloride, Cabriotop, Rovral, Vitavax Thiram, Acrobat MZ and Tanda. These corms were sown in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) along with control treatment (fungal-infected corms with no fungicide treatment). The results indicated that the positive effect of fungicides on the flower production (dry weight) of saffron was in the order of Acrobat MZ and Copper Oxychloride > Rovral and Vitavax Thiram > Cabriotop, Tanda and control (P < 0.05). The dry flower biomass of saffron under treatment of Acrobat MZ and Copper Oxychloride was ~ 3 and 4 times greater than the flower production of control treatment. The dry weight of stigma under treatments of Acrobat MZ and Copper Oxychloride was ~2 – 3 times greater than the control treatment (P < 0.05). All fungicides except Tanda significantly increased the length of stigma (2.98 – 2.82 cm) than control (2.65) (P < 0.05). Acrobat MZ also significantly increased the survival of croms than control treatment. These results demonstrate that corms treated with fungicides specifically with Acrobat MZ and Copper Oxychloride not only reduce the disease incidence and pathogen population in the soil, but also improved the certain growth parameters related to vegetative and reproductive parts of saffron.
Keywords:
- Saffron
- flower
- yield
- fungicides
- corm
How to Cite
HAFEEZULLAH, ., HANAN, A., GUL, S., AHMED, S., BALOCH, A., & ISMAIL, T. (2022). EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES TO CONTROL SOIL AND CORM-BORNE DISEASE OF SAFFRON (Crocus sativus L.) GROWN IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN. PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 23(27-28), 19–30. Retrieved from https://ikppress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/7748
References
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Garcia E. Salivating for saffron. Scientific American. 1997;276(4):24-5.
Fernández JA. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent research developments in plant science. Vol. 2. 2004:127-59.
Kaloo MJ, Patidar R, Choure T. Status of Saffron in Jammu and Kashmir: An Economic Analysis. International Journal of Research. 2020;1:815-21.
Iqbal, M. Saffron frauds in Jammu and Kashmir: preliminary organoleptic and microscopic investigation. Rsis International. 2015;2:1-6.
Benschop M. Crocus: the physiology of flower bulbs. Hertogh, A. de: Nard, M. le ed. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 1993;257-272.
Plessner O, Negbi M, Ziv M, Basker D. Effects of temperature on the flowering of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.): induction of hysteranthy. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 1989;38(1):1-7.
Abdullaev FI, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2004;28(6):426-32.
Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Yazdi H, Rakhshan E, Mirabbasi A, Changizi S, Mazandarani M, Nayebpour M. Frequency‐dependent electrophysiological remodeling of the AV Node by Hydroalcohol Extract of Crocus sativus L.(Saffron) during experimental atrial fibrillation: the role of endogenous nitric oxide. Phytotherapy Research. 2012;26(6):826-32.
Mathew B. The Crocuses: a revision of the genus Crocus, B.T. Batsford, London; 1982.
Abdullaev FI, Frenkel GD. The effect of saffron on intracellular DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in malignant and non-malignant human cells. BioFactors (Oxford, England). 1992;4(1):43-5.
Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long‐term potentiation. Phytotherapy Research. 2000 ;14(3):149- 52.
Palmero D, A. Rubio-Moraga L, Galvez-Paton J, Nogueras C, Abato L. Gomez-Gomez, O. Ahrazam. Pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from corm of Crocus sativus. Elsevier. 2014;61:186-192.
Ghorbani R, Koocheki A. Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews; Lichtfouse, E., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland. 2017;169–202.
Kalha CS, Gupta V, Gupta D, Mohiddin FA. Saffron cultivation in Kishtwar. Saffron Production in Jammu and Kashmir; Nehvi, FA, Wani, SA, Eds. 2008:142-52.
Jan B, Baba SA. Corm rot of saffron: Symptoms and biological management. EC Microbiology. 2018;14(1):01.
Gupta R, Vakhlu J. Native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W2 as a potential biocontrol for Fusarium oxysporum R1 causing corm rot of Crocus sativus. European journal of plant pathology. 2015;143(1):123-31.
Orr R, Nelson PN. Impacts of soil abiotic attributes on Fusarium wilt, focusing on bananas. Applied Soil Ecology. 2018;132:20-33.
Shah MU, Ahmad M, Sagar V, Padder BA, Ahanger FA, Sofi TA, Nabi A, Mir AA, Kausar S. In vitro evaluation of bioagents and fungitoxicants against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani causing corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus) in Kashmir, India. InIV International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology 1200. 2012;125-132.
Baker R, Paulitz TC. Theoretical basis for microbial interactions leading to biological control of soilborne plant pathogens. Pgs 50-79.
Zhou Y, Xu J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhou M. Mechanism of action of the benzimidazole fungicide on Fusarium graminearum: Interfering with polymerization of monomeric tubulin but not polymerized microtubule. Phytopathology. 2016;106(8):807-13.
Kamili AS, Nehvi FA, Trag AR. Saffron-a legendary crop of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. 2007;2:1- 2.
Ahmad M, Sagar V, Shah MU, Padder BA, Ahanger FA, Sofi TA, Mir AA, Nabi A, Khan MA. Management of corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Kashmir, India. InIV International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology 1200. 2012;111-114.
Bourguet D, Guillemaud T. The hidden and external costs of pesticide use. Sustainable agriculture reviews. 2016:35-120.
Handelsman J, Stabb EV. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens. The plant cell. 1996;8(10):1855.
Jain S, Varma A, Tuteja N, Choudhary DK. Plant growth-promoting microbial-mediated induced systemic resistance in plants: induction, mechanism, and expression. In Microbial-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants. 2016;213-226. Springer, Singapore.
Ganeshan G, Manoj Kumar A. Pseudomonas fluorescens, a potential bacterial antagonist to control plant diseases. Journal of plant interactions. 2005;1(3):123-34.
Mathew B. Crocus sativus and its allies (Iridaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 1977;128(1):89-103.
Souret FF, Weathers PJ. Cultivation, in vitro culture, secondary metabolite production, and phytopharmacognosy of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2000;6(4):99-116.
Stewart DW, Dwyer LM, Carrigan LL. Phenological temperature response of maize. Agronomy Journal. 1998;90(1):73- 9.
Molina RV, García-Luis A, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL. Extending the harvest period of saffron. InI International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology 650. 2003;219-225.
Wuebker EF, Mullen RE, Koehler K. Flooding and temperature effects on soybean germination. Crop Science. 2001;41(6):1857-61.
Cardone L, Castronuovo D, Perniola M, Cicco N, Candido V. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019;99(13):5858-69.
Renau-Morata B, Nebauer SG, Sánchez M, Molina RV. Effect of corm size, water stress and cultivation conditions on photosynthesis and biomass partitioning during the vegetative growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2012;39:40-6.
Davidson EA, Janssens IA. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature. 2006;440(7081):165-73.
Ghanbari J, Khajoei-Nejad G, van Ruth SM, Aghighi S. The possibility for improvement of flowering, corm properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by different nutritional regimes. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019;135:301-10.
Koocheki A, Moghaddam PR, Seyyedi SM. Depending on mother corm size, the removal of extra lateral buds regulates sprouting mechanism and improves phosphorus acquisition efficiency in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2019;141:111779.
Rezvani Moghaddam P, Khorramdel S, Mollafilabi A. Evaluation of soil physical and chemical characteristics impacts on morphological criteria and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research. 2015 Nov 22;3(2):188-203.
Finch S, Samuel A, Lane GP. Lockhart and wiseman’s crop husbandry including grassland. Elsevier; 2014.
McGimpsey JA, Douglas MH, Wallace AR. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production in New Zealand. New Zealand journal of crop and Horticultural Science. 1997;25(2):159-68.
Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems: a review. Sustainable agriculture. 2009:355-76.
Dhar AK. Studies on saffron in Kashmir. I. Variation in natural population and its cytological behavior. Crop improvement. 1988;15:48-52.
Vurdu M, Saltu Z, Ayan S. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) un yetistime teknigi. Gazi Uni. Orman Fak. Derg. 2002;2:175-187.
Hossain MA, Ishimine Y. Growth, yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated on dark-red soil, gray soil and red soil in Okinawa, Japan. Plant Production Science. 2005;8(4):482-6.
Al-Hamed SA, Wahby MF, Aboukarima AM, El Marazky MS. Effect of soil and water characteristics on yield and properties of ‘Spunta’potatoes. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2017;77(3):250-6.
Al-Hamed SA, Wahby MF, Aboukarima AM, El Marazky MS. Effect of soil and water characteristics on yield and properties of ‘Spunta’potatoes. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2017;77(3):250-6.
Koocheki A, Ebrahimian E, Seyyedi SM. How irrigation rounds and mother corm size control saffron yield, quality, daughter corms behavior and phosphorus uptake. Scientia Horticulturae. 2016 14;213:132- 43.
Molina RV, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL, Garcia-Luis AJ. Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia horticulturae. 2005;103(3):361-79.
Omidbaigi, R. Effects of corm weight on quality of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Nat. Prod. Radiance. 2005;4:193-194.
Banihabib ME, Iranpour M. Effect of some soil physical and chemical properties on permeability in field conditions. Irrigation and Water Engineering. 2012;2(4):14- 25.
Fallahi HR, Aghhavani-Shajari M, Sahabi H, Feizi H. Mother corm weight and soil amendment improves the vegetative and reproductive growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). J. Med. Spice Plants. 2017;22(3):110-4.
Panwar KS, Saroch K, Vashist GD. Potential and prospects of saffron in temperate hills of Himachal Pradesh. Agricultural Situation in India. 1995;50:13-6.
Mykhailenko O, Desenko V, Ivanauskas L, Georgiyants V. Standard operating procedure of Ukrainian saffron cultivation according with good agricultural and collection practices to assure quality and traceability. Industrial crops and products. 2020;151:112376.
Ayub F, Leghari SK, Hanan A, Ahmed S, Baloch A, Ismail T, GUL S, Ponya Z. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivars grown under agro climatic conditions of Quetta Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 2022:17-30.
Molina RV, García-Luis A, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL. Extending the harvest period of saffron. InI International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology 650. 2003;219-225.
Garcia E. Salivating for saffron. Scientific American. 1997;276(4):24-5.
Fernández JA. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent research developments in plant science. Vol. 2. 2004:127-59.
Kaloo MJ, Patidar R, Choure T. Status of Saffron in Jammu and Kashmir: An Economic Analysis. International Journal of Research. 2020;1:815-21.
Iqbal, M. Saffron frauds in Jammu and Kashmir: preliminary organoleptic and microscopic investigation. Rsis International. 2015;2:1-6.
Benschop M. Crocus: the physiology of flower bulbs. Hertogh, A. de: Nard, M. le ed. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 1993;257-272.
Plessner O, Negbi M, Ziv M, Basker D. Effects of temperature on the flowering of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.): induction of hysteranthy. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 1989;38(1):1-7.
Abdullaev FI, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detection and Prevention. 2004;28(6):426-32.
Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Yazdi H, Rakhshan E, Mirabbasi A, Changizi S, Mazandarani M, Nayebpour M. Frequency‐dependent electrophysiological remodeling of the AV Node by Hydroalcohol Extract of Crocus sativus L.(Saffron) during experimental atrial fibrillation: the role of endogenous nitric oxide. Phytotherapy Research. 2012;26(6):826-32.
Mathew B. The Crocuses: a revision of the genus Crocus, B.T. Batsford, London; 1982.
Abdullaev FI, Frenkel GD. The effect of saffron on intracellular DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in malignant and non-malignant human cells. BioFactors (Oxford, England). 1992;4(1):43-5.
Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long‐term potentiation. Phytotherapy Research. 2000 ;14(3):149- 52.
Palmero D, A. Rubio-Moraga L, Galvez-Paton J, Nogueras C, Abato L. Gomez-Gomez, O. Ahrazam. Pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from corm of Crocus sativus. Elsevier. 2014;61:186-192.
Ghorbani R, Koocheki A. Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews; Lichtfouse, E., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland. 2017;169–202.
Kalha CS, Gupta V, Gupta D, Mohiddin FA. Saffron cultivation in Kishtwar. Saffron Production in Jammu and Kashmir; Nehvi, FA, Wani, SA, Eds. 2008:142-52.
Jan B, Baba SA. Corm rot of saffron: Symptoms and biological management. EC Microbiology. 2018;14(1):01.
Gupta R, Vakhlu J. Native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W2 as a potential biocontrol for Fusarium oxysporum R1 causing corm rot of Crocus sativus. European journal of plant pathology. 2015;143(1):123-31.
Orr R, Nelson PN. Impacts of soil abiotic attributes on Fusarium wilt, focusing on bananas. Applied Soil Ecology. 2018;132:20-33.
Shah MU, Ahmad M, Sagar V, Padder BA, Ahanger FA, Sofi TA, Nabi A, Mir AA, Kausar S. In vitro evaluation of bioagents and fungitoxicants against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani causing corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus) in Kashmir, India. InIV International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology 1200. 2012;125-132.
Baker R, Paulitz TC. Theoretical basis for microbial interactions leading to biological control of soilborne plant pathogens. Pgs 50-79.
Zhou Y, Xu J, Zhu Y, Duan Y, Zhou M. Mechanism of action of the benzimidazole fungicide on Fusarium graminearum: Interfering with polymerization of monomeric tubulin but not polymerized microtubule. Phytopathology. 2016;106(8):807-13.
Kamili AS, Nehvi FA, Trag AR. Saffron-a legendary crop of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. 2007;2:1- 2.
Ahmad M, Sagar V, Shah MU, Padder BA, Ahanger FA, Sofi TA, Mir AA, Nabi A, Khan MA. Management of corm rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Kashmir, India. InIV International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology 1200. 2012;111-114.
Bourguet D, Guillemaud T. The hidden and external costs of pesticide use. Sustainable agriculture reviews. 2016:35-120.
Handelsman J, Stabb EV. Biocontrol of soilborne plant pathogens. The plant cell. 1996;8(10):1855.
Jain S, Varma A, Tuteja N, Choudhary DK. Plant growth-promoting microbial-mediated induced systemic resistance in plants: induction, mechanism, and expression. In Microbial-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants. 2016;213-226. Springer, Singapore.
Ganeshan G, Manoj Kumar A. Pseudomonas fluorescens, a potential bacterial antagonist to control plant diseases. Journal of plant interactions. 2005;1(3):123-34.
Mathew B. Crocus sativus and its allies (Iridaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 1977;128(1):89-103.
Souret FF, Weathers PJ. Cultivation, in vitro culture, secondary metabolite production, and phytopharmacognosy of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2000;6(4):99-116.
Stewart DW, Dwyer LM, Carrigan LL. Phenological temperature response of maize. Agronomy Journal. 1998;90(1):73- 9.
Molina RV, García-Luis A, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL. Extending the harvest period of saffron. InI International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology 650. 2003;219-225.
Wuebker EF, Mullen RE, Koehler K. Flooding and temperature effects on soybean germination. Crop Science. 2001;41(6):1857-61.
Cardone L, Castronuovo D, Perniola M, Cicco N, Candido V. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019;99(13):5858-69.
Renau-Morata B, Nebauer SG, Sánchez M, Molina RV. Effect of corm size, water stress and cultivation conditions on photosynthesis and biomass partitioning during the vegetative growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2012;39:40-6.
Davidson EA, Janssens IA. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature. 2006;440(7081):165-73.
Ghanbari J, Khajoei-Nejad G, van Ruth SM, Aghighi S. The possibility for improvement of flowering, corm properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by different nutritional regimes. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019;135:301-10.
Koocheki A, Moghaddam PR, Seyyedi SM. Depending on mother corm size, the removal of extra lateral buds regulates sprouting mechanism and improves phosphorus acquisition efficiency in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2019;141:111779.
Rezvani Moghaddam P, Khorramdel S, Mollafilabi A. Evaluation of soil physical and chemical characteristics impacts on morphological criteria and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research. 2015 Nov 22;3(2):188-203.
Finch S, Samuel A, Lane GP. Lockhart and wiseman’s crop husbandry including grassland. Elsevier; 2014.
McGimpsey JA, Douglas MH, Wallace AR. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production in New Zealand. New Zealand journal of crop and Horticultural Science. 1997;25(2):159-68.
Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems: a review. Sustainable agriculture. 2009:355-76.
Dhar AK. Studies on saffron in Kashmir. I. Variation in natural population and its cytological behavior. Crop improvement. 1988;15:48-52.
Vurdu M, Saltu Z, Ayan S. Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) un yetistime teknigi. Gazi Uni. Orman Fak. Derg. 2002;2:175-187.
Hossain MA, Ishimine Y. Growth, yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated on dark-red soil, gray soil and red soil in Okinawa, Japan. Plant Production Science. 2005;8(4):482-6.
Al-Hamed SA, Wahby MF, Aboukarima AM, El Marazky MS. Effect of soil and water characteristics on yield and properties of ‘Spunta’potatoes. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2017;77(3):250-6.
Al-Hamed SA, Wahby MF, Aboukarima AM, El Marazky MS. Effect of soil and water characteristics on yield and properties of ‘Spunta’potatoes. Chilean journal of agricultural research. 2017;77(3):250-6.
Koocheki A, Ebrahimian E, Seyyedi SM. How irrigation rounds and mother corm size control saffron yield, quality, daughter corms behavior and phosphorus uptake. Scientia Horticulturae. 2016 14;213:132- 43.
Molina RV, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL, Garcia-Luis AJ. Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia horticulturae. 2005;103(3):361-79.
Omidbaigi, R. Effects of corm weight on quality of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Nat. Prod. Radiance. 2005;4:193-194.
Banihabib ME, Iranpour M. Effect of some soil physical and chemical properties on permeability in field conditions. Irrigation and Water Engineering. 2012;2(4):14- 25.
Fallahi HR, Aghhavani-Shajari M, Sahabi H, Feizi H. Mother corm weight and soil amendment improves the vegetative and reproductive growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). J. Med. Spice Plants. 2017;22(3):110-4.
Panwar KS, Saroch K, Vashist GD. Potential and prospects of saffron in temperate hills of Himachal Pradesh. Agricultural Situation in India. 1995;50:13-6.
Mykhailenko O, Desenko V, Ivanauskas L, Georgiyants V. Standard operating procedure of Ukrainian saffron cultivation according with good agricultural and collection practices to assure quality and traceability. Industrial crops and products. 2020;151:112376.
Ayub F, Leghari SK, Hanan A, Ahmed S, Baloch A, Ismail T, GUL S, Ponya Z. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivars grown under agro climatic conditions of Quetta Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 2022:17-30.
Molina RV, García-Luis A, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL. Extending the harvest period of saffron. InI International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Biotechnology 650. 2003;219-225.
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